William Knox (1)

This book is for entertainment, and for tourists in language need. It's neither a scholarly
endeavour nor the most effective method for acquiring these languages, although using it
as a tool to compare them may go a long way to learning them, or even English or French!
If you are a French speaker, and just want to learn some English, it would also help you.
The online version is not the full or final version and is not a suitable replacement thereof.
The published edition contains a few typographical errors in French and 4 or 5 "minor"
grammatical mistakes in Breton [no mistakes are minor, really]. I apologise for these. The
French typos were done by somebody at the publishing house during last-minute changes.
The Celtic languages have not all been completely standardised or normalised yet and
some use different orthographies. There will also be some arguments by some
people over the use or lack thereof of some dialect or literary form. I have attempted
to stay with fairly standard forms where these exist, and have tried to be fairly inclusive
where possible of different dialect forms where no obvious standard form exists.
In the case where there are two different words that are fairly equally used, both
are kept. For example, "key" in Welsh: South Walian - "allwedd" / North Walian - "agoriad".
Other lesser-used forms, such as "goriad" [also North Walian], have been excluded.

The Celtic languages differ in many ways from many of their geographically close Indo-European
relatives. Questions are answered with the corresponding verb or a copula instead of YES or NO.
They have no direct equivalents of YES or NO, nor do they have a true verb "to have".
Portuguese, however, does share some of the Celtic verb/copula traits, probably due to
Celtic influence when Latin first came to what is now Galicia and northern Portugal.
See this link for linguistic notes on that: http://www.williamknox.net/lingu...
They are also considered languages of "weak possession", as is Russian. In Russian:
"U menya dom." [At me (there is) a house] This construction is basically identical to Celtic.… (plus d'informations)