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Chargement... After Adam Smith: A Century of Transformation in Politics and Political Economypar Murray Milgate
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Few issues are more central to our present predicaments than the relationship between economics and politics. In the century after Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations the British economy was transformed. After Adam Smith looks at how politics and political economy were articulated and altered. It considers how grand ideas about the connections between individual liberty, free markets, and social and economic justice sometimes attributed to Smith are as much the product of gradual modifications and changes wrought by later writers. Thomas Robert Malthus, David Ricardo, James Mill, John Stuart Mill, and other liberals, radicals, and reformers had a hand in conceptual transformations that culminated in the advent of neoclassical economics. The population problem, the declining importance of agriculture, the consequences of industrialization, the structural characteristics of civil society, the role of the state in economic affairs, and the possible limits to progress were questions that underwent significant readjustments as the thinkers who confronted them in different times and circumstances reworked the framework of ideas advanced by Smith--transforming the dialogue between politics and political economy. By the end of the nineteenth century an industrialized and globalized market economy had firmly established itself. By exploring how questions Smith had originally grappled with were recast as the economy and the principles of political economy altered during the nineteenth century, this book demonstrates that we are as much the heirs of later images of Smith as we are of Smith himself. Many writers helped shape different ways of thinking about economics and politics after Adam Smith. By ignoring their interventions we risk misreading our past--and also misusing it--when thinking about the choices at the interface of economics and politics that confront us today. Aucune description trouvée dans une bibliothèque |
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A fascinating review of the evolution of conjectures and conceptualizations in political economy to the late 19th c., and a corrective to the view that Smith’s Wealth of Nations (1776) is some sort of fundamentalist free-market scripture. Despite assertions to the contrary, Smith did not invent the doctrine of comparative advantage or the theory of the division of labor, nor did he establish the priority of the market over the state. Here we see how Smith’s ideas were developed and altered after his death.
Smith’s long, contested ‘political odyssey,’ as Milgate and Stimson describe it, wends and wobbles through the work of his various interpreters, mostly because Smith’s complex presentation precluded any wide agreement on the precise contribution made by his work. The context for understanding Smith’s work shifted also, as the mercantile and commercial nature of economic society gave way to the industrial economy of the 19th c. and, as a consequence, the approach to the theory of political economy changed.
What makes After Adam Smith valuable as a History of Ideas is the way that Milgate and Stimson clarify previously unrecognized connections across time and provide new ways to consider the work of familiar figures (i.e. Paine’s revolutionary break with the view of civil society as identified with the state, or Mill’s distinction between arguments for economic liberty and political liberty). Just as early modern science (through the work of Galileo, Descartes, Leibniz, Newton, et.al.) came to view the whole of nature as linked and organized by discoverable common forces, so did the economy come to be regarded as a machine (ref. the Invisible Hand, in its various interpretations). As the theory of political economy took shape, Malthus, Godwin, Robinson Crusoe and Moll Flanders argued among themselves. Passion, utility, knowledge and property jostled for influence. Utopias rose and fell and rose again. The principle of ‘rationality’ applied by classical political economists became ‘not merely pure but perfect’ (and therefore unreal [K. Arrow]) in the neoclassical fetish for equilibrium, competition, and completeness. By the end of the 19th c., we were far from The Wealth of Nations. Smith’s description of self-interested action as morally regulated, prudent behavior―based on a model of a socially-constructed self―had been replaced by the calculation of exclusively private costs and benefits.
Smith’s great contribution, according to Milgate and Stimson, was in recognizing the complexity and ambiguity inherent in market relations and in anticipating the kinds of tensions that would emerge as national economies developed in an increasingly interconnected world. Smith’s successors were bequeathed a rich fount of political and economic thought, though in reconceiving and reimagining Smith’s ideas his neoclassical descendents arrived at an altogether different intellectual space. By “narrowing the conceptual focus of economics to the question of how the market mechanism resolves problems of allocating given resources between competing ends within its abstract model of perfect competition,” say Milgate and Stimson, neoclassical political economists “effectively distanced the understanding of economic life from political life… [and] did so at the cost of producing a science that tended to adopt a certain studied indifference toward the political and social institutions and structures within which markets function.” Disconnecting the understanding of the market mechanism from its historical/social context made possible an economic science which could claim to offer robust truths without regard for the constraints of time or place, but it also foreclosed on the kinds of considerations that intrigued Adam Smith. ( )