Indeholder "Preface", "1. An Integrated Earth System", " 1.1 A Research Agenda to Meet the Challenge of the Future", " 1.2 The Earth as a System", " 1.3 The Nature of Global Change", " 1.4 Objectives and Structure of the Book", " References", "2. Planetary Machinery: The Dynamics of the Earth System Prior to Significant Human Influence", " 2.1 The Natural Dynamics of the Earth System", " 2.2 New Insights in Temporal Variability of the Earth System", " 2.2.1 The Long-Term Envelope of Natural Self-Regulation", " 2.2.2 Millennial-Scale Oscillations and Abrupt Changes", " 2.2.3 Climate Variability in Interglacial Periods", " 2.2.4 Temporal Variability in the Biota", " 2.3 New Insights into the Role of Biology in Earth System Functioning", " 2.3.1 Biogeophysical Processes", " 2.3.2 Biogeochemical Processes", " 2.3.3 The Role of Biodiversity", " 2.4 New Insights into Spatial Variability of the Earth System", " 2.4.1 Spatial Patterns of Land Cover", " 2.4.2 Spatial Patterns of Carbon Sources and Sinks", " 2.4.3 Trace Gas Exchanges Between Earth's Surface and the Atmosphere", " 2.5 New Insights into the Connectivity of the Earth System over Space and Time . 51", " 2.5.1 Connectivity via the Oceans and their Currents", " 2.5.2 Connectivity via Atmospheric Transport", " 2.5.3 Connectivity via Hydrologic Transport", " 2.5.4 Connectivity via the Biota", " 2.5.5 Teleconnections in the Climate System", " 2.5.6 Connectivity through Time: The Legacy of Past Disturbance", " 2.6 New Insights into Non-linearities, Surprises and Thresholds in the Earth System", " 2.6.1 Glacial Terminations", " 2.6.2 Heinrich and Dansgaard-Oeschger Events", " 2.6.3 Mega-droughts and Other Extreme Events", " 2.6.4 The Browning of the Sahara", " 2.7 The Earth System in a Pre-Human Dominated State", " References", "3. The Anthropocene Era: How Humans are Changing the Earth System", " 3.1 A Human-Dominated Planet?", " 3.2 Drivers of Change", " 3.2.1 Sectoral Activities as Drivers of Change", " 3.2.2 A Systems Approach to the Drivers of Earth System Change", " 3.3 Characterisation of Changes in the Earth System", " 3.3.1 The Earth's Land as Transformed by Human Activities", " 3.3.2 The Atmosphere as Transformed by Human Activities", " 3.3.3 The Hydrological Cycle as Transformed by Human Activities", " 3.3.4 Coastal and Marine Environments as Transformed by Human Activities", " 3.3.5 Biological Diversity as Transformed by Human Activities", " 3.3.6 Alteration of Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulphur Fluxes", " 3.4 Putting Human-Driven Changes into an Earth System Perspective", " 3.4.1 Socioeconomic and Cultural Teleconnections", " 3.4.2 Interaction Between Human-Driven Changes and Natural Variability", " 3.4.3 Global Change: Magnitudes, Rates and Significance of Human Changes", " References", "4. Reverberations of Change: The Responses of the Earth System to Human Activities", " 4.1 Reverberations of Change", " 4.2 Responses of the Earth System to Fossil Fuel Combustion", " 4.2.1 Non-Reactive Gases", " 4.2.2 Reactive Gases", " 4.2.3 Aerosols", " 4.3 Response of the Earth System to Land-Use and Land-Cover Change", " 4.3.1 The Conversion Process", " 4.3.2 Effects of Changed Land Cover", " 4.3.3 Intensification of Agriculture", " 4.4 Multiple and Interacting Changes", " 4.4.1 Fires in Southeast Asia", " 4.4.2 Coral Reefs", " 4.5 Integrated Responses of the Earth System to Human Forcing", " 4.5.1 The Carbon Cycle", " 4.5.2 Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulphur Cycles", " 4.5.3 The Hydrological Cycle", " 4.5.4 The Climate System", " References", "5. Living with Global Change: Consequences of Changes in the Earth System for Human Well-Being", " 5.1 Consequences of Global Change", " 5.2 General Approaches for Anticipating the Consequences of Global Change", " 5.2.1 The Scenario-Driven Approach", " 5.2.2 Assessment of Consequences Based on Vulnerability", " 5.2.3 Assessment of Vulnerability Using Palaeo-Data", " 5.3 Risks to Key Resources for Human Well-Being", " 5.3.1 Quality and Sufficiency of Food", " 5.3.2 Water Resources", " 5.3.3 Air Quality", " 5.3.4 Pests and Diseases", " 5.3.5 Amplifying, Damping and Multiple Effects", " 5.4 Risks Facing the Earth System as a Whole", " 5.4.1 Catastrophic Failures", " 5.4.2 Past Changes, Extreme Events and Surprises", " 5.4.3 Human Perceptions of Global Change", " References", "6. Towards Earth System Science and Global Sustainability", " 6.1 From Climate Change to Earth System Science", " 6.2 The Knowledge Base", " 6.2.1 Biology in the Earth System", " 6.2.2 The Nature of Global Change", " 6.2.3 Cascading Impacts of Global Change", " 6.2.4 Thresholds and Abrupt Changes", " 6.2.5 A No-Analogue State", " 6.3 Making Earth System Science", " 6.3.1 Questions at the Frontier", " 6.3.2 Coping with Complexity and Irregularity", " 6.4 The Earth System Science Toolkit", " 6.4.1 Palaeo-Science", " 6.4.2 Contemporary Observation and Monitoring", " 6.4.3 Earth System Experimentation", " 6.4.4 Global Networks", " 6.4.5 Integrated Regional Studies", " 6.4.6 Simulating Earth System Dynamics", " 6.4.7 Global Integration, Synthesis and Communication", " 6.5 Towards Global Sustainability", " 6.5.1 Advancing Sectoral Wisdom", " 6.5.2 Stewardship of the Earth System", " 6.5.3 Challenges of a Changing Earth", "References", "Appendix", "Acknowledgements", "Index".

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