Pierre Duhem (1861-1916) is a major influence in twentieth-century thought, a source for many of the ideas of the Vienna circle, Karl Popper, Imre Lakatos, and Thomas S. Kuhn. Yet Duhem's arguments have often been perceived as enigmatic, quirky, muddled, or even disingenuous, because his influence has been greatest outside his native France many of his works have never been translated, and Duhem's readers have mostly been ignorant of the peculiar French cultural and political background during Duhem's lifetime. German Science (here translated into English for the first time) is a document of importance for understanding Duhem's better-known works. Duhem's Aim and Structure of Physical Theory has been misunderstood because of ignorance of the position set forth in German Science.