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Défense des droits de la femme (1792)

par Mary Wollstonecraft

Autres auteurs: Voir la section autres auteur(e)s.

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In A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, Mary Wollstonecraft tackles the wasted potential she sees in women, refusing to see them as inferior to men; she decries their limitations and suggests that they are worthy of an equal standard of education, and that they should be taught to develop their own reason, not simply how to gain a man. Written in 1792, at the height of the French Revolution, A Vindication is an eloquent and persuasive response to the prevailing attitudes of the time. It is the original feminist manifesto.… (plus d'informations)
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Da poco è uscito in Inghilterra una nuova biografia di Mary Wollstonecraft una scrittrice inglese del 18° secolo, autrice di un famoso trattato sui diritti delle donne, moglie del filosofo William Godwin e madre di Mary Shelley, autrice della nota storia di Frankenstein. Negli anni settanta il movimento femminista internazionale ebbe come slogan, tra i tanti, anche questo: “The personal is the political”. La vita di Mary fu, appunto, un fatto personale che diventò poi un fatto politico, uno slogan che ha il carattere di un “mantra”, un’energia, una vibrazione nel significato della parola indiana, una “politica” nel significato culturale occidentale. Mary mise al centro della sua filosofia la “casa”, la sua vita e il suo lavoro furono regolati dalla lotta per l’emancipazione delle donne. Purtroppo il fatto che tutti fossero a conoscenza che lei se la faceva con due amanti e che ad essi aveva rivolto l’offerta di un “vita a tre”, che avesse una figlia illegittima e che avesse tentato il suicidio, tutti questi fatti distrussero la sua reputazione. Fu solamente verso gli anni settanta del novecento, ben due secoli dopo, che Mary riemerse come l’antesignana e la madre del femminismo.

Molti critici e storici ritengono che il genio di Wollstonecraft vada ricercato nella sua vita. Secondo un’altra grande femminista inglese, Virginia Woolf, la sua genialità va ritrovata nel fatto che sin dall’inizio la sua fu una vita sperimentale. Figlia di uno sfaccendato ubriacone imparò subito a come vivere da sola scegliendosi uno dei mestieri più impossibili per quel tempo vale a dire: la scrittrice.

Troviamo la diciannovenne scrittrice Mary camminare da sola per Londra di notte di ritorno da una serata letteraria col suo editore Joseph Johnson e altri membri del circolo radicale frequentato da uomini come Paine, autore dei “Diritti dell’Uomo”, di William Blake, poeta e pittore immortale, Erasmo Darwin, il grande pittore Fuseli. Frequentazioni e conoscenze fatte in nome di una chiara indipendenza esistenziale e culturale, impensabile a quel tempo, in quel tipo di società del 18° secolo inglese.

Era l’epoca nella quale le donne non si sarebbero mai sognate di studiare botanica a causa dei riferimenti sessuali femminili delle piante negli studi di Darwin, un’epoca in cui le donne non avevano diritto a fare carriera, non potevano avere accesso al loro denaro, non possedevano il proprio corpo dal punto di vista strettamente fisico, i figli non appartenevano loro. Insomma, erano solo dei giocattoli nelle mani degli uomini. Il matrimonio non era altro che “prostituzione legalizzata”, come la stessa Mary ebbe a dire nel suo famoso libro sui Diritti.

“I Diritti delle Donne” venne pubblicato nel 1792 e le diede immediata fama. Fece andare su tutte le furie poeti classici e conservatori come Horace Walpole il quale la defini”una iena col reggiseno”. Fece impallidire molti presunti radicali, sia politici che scrittori e opinionisti di una stampa che era solo maschile e conservatrice. Mary, nel libro, sosteneva con violenza il diritto delle donne all’istruzione, all’emancipazione, alla liberazione da uno stato di una umiliante servitù maschile affermando che non era vero che gli uomini fossero esseri dotati di ragione e le donne di solo emozioni. Lei sosteneva invece che il matrimonio fosse la giusta fusione equilibrata tra i due sessi, pietra d’angolo per mantenere le relazioni tra i sessi e quindi le fondamenta della società civile.

Pur avendo scritto romanzi, manuali e antologie educative, il saggio sui “Diritti delle Donne” è il suo vero e proprio testamento intellettuale. Mary non è soltanto una icona femminista del tutto nuova ed inaspettata sullo scenario inglese della fine del settecento. Essa ben si inserisce nella corrente dell’Illuminismo europeo che sfocia liberamente nel Romanticismo per mutarsi e trasformarsi in Politica culturale. Una donna che conobbe a fondo il dr. Johnson, il famoso autore del primo Dizionario della lingua inglese e che sarebbe diventata suocera del grande poeta romantico Shelley.

Nella sua vita appassionata e sofferta la confluenza dell’Illuminismo nel Romanticismo divenne una vera e propria battaglia sanguinosa come si evince da una sua lettera: “Io sono un vero animale e le emozioni istintive troppo spesso mettono a tacere le suggestioni della ragione…Sono ben consapevole che la vita è solo un gioco, spesso solo un incubo, eppure ogni giorno sono alla ricerca di qualcosa di serio, che vale, ma resto sempre disillusa”. La lettera fu scritta dopo il rifiuto di Fuseli a convivere in tre. Una Mary esasperatamente romantica nella sua essenza, sostanzialmente cruda nella sua esasperazione ma profondamente seria nel suo illuminismo razionalistico.

Mary fece della sua vita un continuo esperimento. Respinta da Fuseli, se ne andò dall’Inghilterra e andò a seguire la Rivoluzione Francese nei giorni del Terrore, come una moderna giornalista che va al fronte. Intraprese un viaggio nei paesi scandinavi e si ritrovò con una figlia a scrivere le sue straordinarie lettere dalla Scandinavia, Svezia, Norvegia e Danimarca. Furono queste lettere che trasformarono il filosofo William Godwin da suo ammiratore in amante. Il matrimonio fu il suo ultimo ma “fruttuoso esperimento”, come lo definì Virginia Woolf. Una vita di “esperimenti” fatti sulla propria pelle.

Mary Wollstonecraft è il ritratto di una donna coraggiosa, irritante, attraente, appassionata, istintiva, a volte brutale, ma giammai intellettuale o saccente. La sua fama venne enormemente danneggiata dalle rivelazioni che lo stesso Godwin impunemente fece quando pubblicò nelle sue Memorie pubblicate nello stesso anno delle Memorie di Mary, alcuni particolari privati, discreditandola agli occhi delle femministe fino alla metà del secolo scorso. In fondo, molti biografi moderni tendono a pensare che lo sforzo di Mary fosse rivolto a dare alle donne non solo una nuova e diversa condizione fatta di riscatto e di ricerca di identità, quanto anche a concorrere a “creare” un “uomo nuovo”, visto nel gioco delle relazioni e degli equilibri tra i due sessi.

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Mary Wollstonecraft's "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" was one of the earliest and most influential feminist works in history. In the late 18th century, women were considered intellectually and morally inferior to men, and were excluded from the public sphere. Wollstonecraft challenged these prejudices and argued that women should have the same rights and opportunities as men.

In the book, Wollstonecraft criticized the prevailing view that women were only suited for domestic roles and argued that education was the key to women's emancipation. She called for the establishment of institutions where women could receive a rigorous education, just like men, and be prepared for careers in fields such as medicine, law, and politics.

Wollstonecraft also criticized the institution of marriage, which she saw as a form of slavery for women. She argued that women should be free to choose their partners and should not be forced into marriages for financial or social reasons.

"A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" was controversial in its time and received criticism from some quarters. However, the book was widely read and had a significant impact on the feminist movement. It inspired many women to demand greater rights and opportunities, and it paved the way for later feminist writers and activists. Today, the book is considered a classic of feminist literature and a testament to the enduring struggle for gender equality. ( )
  AntonioGallo | Apr 26, 2023 |
One of those books I was mildly embarrassed not to have read, so here I am finally getting around to it. Reading A Vindication of the Rights of Woman at a remove of more than two centuries from when it was first published, it was striking to me how much Mary Wollstonecraft's ideas seemed both very relevant (nepo babies! abolish the British monarchy! educate kids equally and let women have careers!) and very dated (classism, racism, and xenophobia, oh my! the Enlightenment Cult of Reason everywhere!) all at once.

For all that she has blinkers on when it comes to issues of class and race, Wollstonecraft is surprisingly acute at making the connection between broader issues of hierarchy and oppression and discrimination against women. Her flaying of Rousseau was also super satisfying ("'Educate women like men,' says Rousseau, 'and the more they resemble our sex the less power will they have over us.' This is the very point I aim at. I do not wish them to have power over men; but over themselves."), and I appreciated throughout Wollstonecraft's willingness to call bullshit, even if I didn't always agree with the points she was making.

Wollstonecraft probably has made all of her main points by halfway through A Vindication, and the internal structure of the book could have used some refining to make it less repetitive, but it still retains enough of its power that you can see why it was such a landmark manifesto. ( )
  siriaeve | Jan 29, 2023 |
Wollstonecraft's main thesis, which was quite radical for the time, was that women should be educated towards ends other than catching a husband. Quite a good idea, I think. She argued that for women to be good wives and mothers they needed to have their reason trained and their body healthy; apparently simpering delicate women are not terribly useful, as much as the men may have liked them. This book was very difficult to read; sometimes Wollstonecraft seems to wander away from her point, and I am not sure that she always makes it back. However, it is an interesting book if you are interested in the history of feminism. It is also interesting if you are interested in Victorian literature since the period about which Wollstonecraft is writing is round about then.
  eri_kars | Jul 10, 2022 |
يُعتبر من أوائل النصوص النسوية وملهم الحركات النسوية الحديثة. فرغم أنه كُتب قبل أكثر من 200 عام، إلا أن الجدالات المطروحة مازالت تُثار اليوم. كما أنه قراءة أساسية للمهتمين بفهم تاريخ وتطور الأفكار النسوية.
تناقش ولستونكرافت مثلاً كيف أنّ هوس النساء وصب جلّ اهتمامهن على جمالهن يحرمهنّ من الاحترام الذي يلقاه الرجال، وأنّ تثبيط الفتيات وثنيهم عن ممارسة الرياضات الجسدية التي يقوم بها الصبيان يزيد الهوة بين الجنسين من ناحية القوة البدنية مما يسهّل استعباد المرأة واضطهادها. بالإضافة إلى التركيز على أن عدم المساواة في فرص التعليم والعمل هو السبب الأساسي في فشل معظم الزيجات إن لم يكن كلها. ولضمان إقامة زواج ناجح لا بدّ أن تنال المرأة الاحترام الذي تستحقه، وهذا لا يتحقق إلا بإعطائها فرصاً لإثبات ذاتها مساوية للتي تُعطى للرجل.

لا يسعني هنا إلا تذكر قول الأستاذ علي الوردي
“المرأة هي المدرسة الأولى التي تتكون فيها شخصية الإنسان، والمجتمع الذي يترك أطفاله في أحضان امرأة جاهلة لا يمكنه أن ينتظر من أفراده خدمة صحيحة أو نظراً سديداً” ( )
  TonyDib | Jan 28, 2022 |
3.5 stars
I read this for a class but I did enjoy it. I found some of the ideas within this book really interesting. The reason I didn't rate this higher is that I personally found some of the writing to be a bit repetitive and clearly some of the ideas in this book are outdated. There is still some expectation that women and men are inherently different while I think the modern idea is more that there may be some physical differences between men and women but most differences we see is more the result of societal influence rather than inherent differences.

Wollstonecraft proposes education and education of boys and girls together as being the solution to a lot of problems with inequality. While I don't disagree with education being very helpful with promoting equality and probably at the time, fighting for girls to have access to education was very important and novel, I do think that now that we, at least in the U.S., have an education system that does educate girls and boys together, it is clear that it takes more than integration to promote equality between men and women.

I did really enjoy reading some early theory on this topic but I definitely can get a little frustrated when I'm reading theory that is so clearly outdated, especially when I am not super familiar with the theory expanding on a topic that came later. I would recommend this book. It has a lot of influential and interesting ideas. Just know that feminist political theory has advanced after this book was written. ( )
  AKBouterse | Oct 14, 2021 |
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Nom de l'auteurRôleType d'auteurŒuvre ?Statut
Wollstonecraft, Maryauteur principaltoutes les éditionsconfirmé
Brody, MiriamDirecteur de publicationauteur secondairequelques éditionsconfirmé
Labille-Guiard, AdélaïdeArtiste de la couvertureauteur secondairequelques éditionsconfirmé
Rowbotham, SheilaIntroductionauteur secondairequelques éditionsconfirmé
Shaw, Fionaauteur secondairequelques éditionsconfirmé
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"Educate women like men," says Rousseau, "and the more they resemble our sex the less power will they have over us." This is the very point I aim at. I do not wish them to have power over men; but over themselves.
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In A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, Mary Wollstonecraft tackles the wasted potential she sees in women, refusing to see them as inferior to men; she decries their limitations and suggests that they are worthy of an equal standard of education, and that they should be taught to develop their own reason, not simply how to gain a man. Written in 1792, at the height of the French Revolution, A Vindication is an eloquent and persuasive response to the prevailing attitudes of the time. It is the original feminist manifesto.

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