This work traces the developments of modern South African society, establishing the geographical and historical context in which adaptation has occurred. The author identifies and explains the most important historical continuities in South Africa, which have done most to shape present society. These include social geography, economic structure and external links and influences. The relationship between capitalism as a mode of production and apartheid's racial structures is examined, and the author takes into account the legacies of historical change - the military, economic social results of European conquest - and the wider geographical context.