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Ivan the Terrible (2005)

par Isabel de Madariaga

Autres auteurs: Voir la section autres auteur(e)s.

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1926141,251 (3.18)3
Ivan IV, "the Terrible" (1533-1584), is one of the key figures in Russian history, yet he has remained among the most neglected. Notorious for pioneering a policy of unrestrained terror-and for killing his own son-he has been credited with establishing autocracy in Russia. This is the first attempt to write a biography of Ivan from birth to death, to study his policies, his marriages, his atrocities, and his disordered personality, and to link them as a coherent whole.Isabel de Madariaga situates Ivan within the background of Russian political developments in the sixteenth century. And, with revealing comparisons with English, Spanish, and other European courts, she sets him within the international context of his time. The biography includes a new account of the role of astrology and magic at Ivan's court and provides fresh insights into his foreign policy. Facing up to problems of authenticity (much of Ivan's archive was destroyed by fire in 1626) and controversies which have paralyzed western scholarship, de Madariaga seeks to present Russia as viewed from the Kremlin rather than from abroad and to comprehend the full tragedy of Ivan's reign.… (plus d'informations)
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» Voir aussi les 3 mentions

Affichage de 1-5 de 6 (suivant | tout afficher)
Toisille tsaari Iivana IV on nykyaikaisen Venäjän sankarillinen perustaja, toisille taas Iivana Julmana tunnettu tyranni, joka loi venäläisen itsevaltiuden ja
terrorivallan perinteen. Nuori Iivana nousi valtaistuimelle kolmivuotiaana 1533, ja hänet kruunattiin tsaariksi 16-vuotiaana. Iivana uudisti hallitus-
kautensa alkuvuosina Venäjää huomattavasti, mutta hänet muistetaan myös vetisestä pakkovallasta.
ISABEL DE MADARIAGAN teos kuvaa Iivanan äärimmäisyyksien täyttämän elämän syntymästä kuolemaan. De Madariaga kertoo ensimmäisen
tsaarin poliittisista pyrkimyksistä, avioliitoista, raakalaismaisista teoista ja häiriintyneen mielen oikuista. Hän osoittaa, että Iivana julma on
edelleen yksi 1500-luvun kiehtovimmista persoonista, joka on jättänyt pysyvän jäljen 1500-luvun Venäjän ja Euroopan historiaan. (Takakansi)
  Asko_Tolonen | Jul 20, 2019 |
Not to be confused with Peter the Great, Catherine the Great, or Boris Good Enough. From the “regional history” wish list. Naturally, I had heard the name, but didn’t know much about him. At the same time England was enjoying the Renaissance and the Elizabethan Age (Ivan was born in 1530 and died in 1584), Russia was ruled by a guy who actually makes Stalin look reasonable. He set people’s heads on fire, impaled them, boiled them alive, burned them at the stake, dismembered them, and when feeling merciful, merely cut off their ears, noses, and lips. One of his most interesting accomplishments was the creation of the oprichnina, which essentially set up a State within a State in Russia, and which allowed people in one State to freely plunder the other. He married seven times, often to the winner of a sort of “Miss Russia” contest, and at one point considered marriage to Queen Elizabeth. (Now there’s an alternate history topic for you). He destroyed the ancient cities of Pskov and Novgorod, and pauperized Russia with a series of fruitless wars against Sweden, Poland-Lithuania, and the Livonian Knights. (It’s interesting that he found admiration of a sort from Soviet-era historians, who decided all this destruction was a historical necessity).


The author of this biography, Isabel de Madariaga, is a little handicapped by the paucity of contemporary documentation. A lot of information about Ivan comes from foreign sources; the records of the English Muscovy Company and various comments from Poland, Lithuania, the Empire, and other neighbors. Since most of these were hostile to Russia, there’s some suspicion of exaggeration; but there’s enough from internal sources to back up most of the allegations. I found the book well-written; the major problem is the large number of Russian terms used. Although there’s a glossary, it’s short and not easy to reference. I realize that a boyar is not quite the same as a “noble”, and strel’tsy are not quite e the same as “musketeers”, but if you are going to have your glossary translate stol’nik as “steward (for example), why not just use “steward” in the text? This is a minor quibble, though; I’d suggest copying the one-page glossary and keeping it handy while you read. Four stars. ( )
  setnahkt | Dec 12, 2017 |
So fascinating subject and so boring and dry book! There got to be better books about Ivan the Terrible. I got through the end but It took some effort (and I am used to academic research). ( )
  everfresh1 | Dec 5, 2011 |
How to tell the history of a difficult man when the sources you have are fragmentary at best? To a large degree the author does so by way of examining the extant diplomatic correspondence, and then interpolating from there. Considering that Ivan's focus was on foreign affairs, and most everything else was subordinated to the considerations of recreating Greater Rus, this often works out well. When De Madariaga descends into the morass that was the Polish royal succession after the demise of the Jagiellon dynasty the eyes can certainly glaze over. This is definitely history for historians.

Besides that the author has little patience with efforts to try and assign some meaning to Ivan's acts in terms of adding to the greater Russian state or as a way station on the way to a higher level of civilization. While it's arguable that many of Ivan's atrocities were not especially notable in an era riddled with atrocities, what seems to be the case is that Ivan's conception of himself was more a throwback to medieval thinking about an hereditary sovereign being the anointed of God (a concept adopted in the course of Muscovy declaring itself the "Third Rome"), which Ivan's own upbringing inculcated in him, but there was no one capable of inculcating the discipline that would discourage an unstable personality from taking that understanding to its logical conclusion and creating a tyranny that was totalitarian in its scope. Upon finishing De Madariaga's depiction of the course of the Oprichnina (Ivan's state within a state) the comparable case that comes to mind is that of the Pol Pot regime in Cambodia. The metaphor that De Madariaga chooses to end her narrative on is that of Lucifer; star of the morning on the way to becoming prince of hell. ( )
  Shrike58 | Sep 6, 2010 |
Ryssland tycks vara ett land som har svårt att riktigt gå i takt med resten av världen. I Ivan den förskräcklige av Isabel de Madariaga får man intrycket av ett land som går direkt från medeltid till mörkaste nittonhundratal. Ivan skapade en stat i staten, opritjnina, som fick stora landområden tilldelade och fungerade som Ivans förlängda arm, med katastrofala följder; terrorvälde verkar som en passande beskrivning av verksamheten. Ivans paranoia ledde till att ett flertal av Rysslands ledande män plågades ihjäl, och landsändar lades närmast öde. Liknande saker försiggick förvisso även på andra håll i Europa vid denna tid, men man frågar sig om någon av hans samtida kan ha varit fullt lika innovativ och grym i sina sätt att krossa motståndet, eller gått riktigt så långt?

Så, hur var han då, denne ryske motsvarighet till Erik XIV (likheten går djupt. Ivan skrämdes av Eriks öde.)? Grym. Paranoid. Bördsstolt. Stingslig. Kolerisk. Hypersexuell. Men denna bild har jag till viss del fått pussla ihop själv, för de Madariaga har dels delat in sin bok strikt kronologiskt, dels förutsatt att läsaren är någorlunda orienterad i myten kring honom. Vid ett par tillfällen nämns som i förbigående att någon anklagats för att vara Ivans stjärtgosse, eller att han hade horder av älskarinnor, men denna sida diskuteras aldrig, och egentligen heller inte någon annan sida som inte har med hans politik att göra. Det gör tyvärr boken ganska svårläst; man får en viss känsla av att hela tiden vara tvungen att springa ikapp författaren för att kunna få ut något.

Boken är i mångt och mycket skrivet som en uppgörelse med den traditionella bilden av Ivan som odlades under sovjettiden, med dels dess krav på strikt marxistisk tolkning av historien, dels Stalins önskan att i Ivan ha en förebild, en man som var tvungen att kväsa baksträvande bojarer med våld. Man kan då tycka det synd att Stalin inte såg vad följderna av en sådan politik blev; den borde vara avskräckande av rent egoistiska skäl, som den klara bristen på militär kompetens vilken gjorde att man fick svårt att hävda sig i de pågående krigen (i Ivans fall främst mot Litauen och Polen). Nå, de Madriaga vänder sig i vilket fall mot tolkningar i termer av »historiens krav« eller »modernisering«. Ivan var ute efter mer makt åt sig själv, punkt. När den makt han hade inte visade sig nog för att skydda honom från förluster skaffade han sig mer, och slog till mot alla som kunde tänkas hota honom.

Vad gäller misstag kan jag egentligen bara uttala mig om de svenska förhållandena, och där finns ett par tabbar. Dels hävdas att Erik XIV faktiskt kom iväg till England för att uppvakta Elisabet I (han försökte, men kom inte fram innan han nåddes av beskedet att hans far avlidit), dels slås fast att Possevino fått Johan III att konvertera till katolicism (något som får ses som en möjlighet, men knappast som bevisat).

Så, hur skall man sammafatta verket? Ja, det är knappast en perfekt biografi, därtill är den för krävande. Det är inte en rundmålning av Ryssland under perioden, vilket den å andra sidan inte säger sig vara. Det är ett porträtt av en man med alltför mycket makt, och ibland alltför skört grepp om verkligheten. Som sådant är det kanske svagt, men ändå läsvärt för den med särskilt intresse av tiden. ( )
  andejons | Nov 16, 2008 |
Affichage de 1-5 de 6 (suivant | tout afficher)
A great strength of de Madariaga's book is that it views Ivan, in her words, "standing in Moscow and looking out over the walls of the Kremlin towards the rest of Europe, and not looking in—and down—into Russia, over its Western border, from outside." Almost every page of her magnificent biography is illuminated by the wisdom gained by its author from a lifetime of learning and reflection about the place of Russia in the wider world.
ajouté par jburlinson | modifierNew York Review of Books, Orlando Figes (Sep 25, 2005)
 

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Ivan IV, "the Terrible" (1533-1584), is one of the key figures in Russian history, yet he has remained among the most neglected. Notorious for pioneering a policy of unrestrained terror-and for killing his own son-he has been credited with establishing autocracy in Russia. This is the first attempt to write a biography of Ivan from birth to death, to study his policies, his marriages, his atrocities, and his disordered personality, and to link them as a coherent whole.Isabel de Madariaga situates Ivan within the background of Russian political developments in the sixteenth century. And, with revealing comparisons with English, Spanish, and other European courts, she sets him within the international context of his time. The biography includes a new account of the role of astrology and magic at Ivan's court and provides fresh insights into his foreign policy. Facing up to problems of authenticity (much of Ivan's archive was destroyed by fire in 1626) and controversies which have paralyzed western scholarship, de Madariaga seeks to present Russia as viewed from the Kremlin rather than from abroad and to comprehend the full tragedy of Ivan's reign.

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