Thomas Babington Macaulay (1800-59) was one of the foremost nineteenth-century historians in the Whig tradition, which saw history as a series of developments towards enlightenment and democracy. He believed that the 'Glorious Revolution' of 1688 had preserved England from the constitutional upheavals suffered by much of Europe in 1848. Using a wider range of sources, including popular literature, than was then usual, and written in an accessible, novelistic rather than academic style, this five-volume work proved hugely influential upon contemporary historians and phenomenally successful with the public, although it was not without its critics. Volume 4, published in 1855, covers the period from 1691 to 1697. It deals with war in Europe and continuing trouble in Ireland, where most of the Irish army chose to transfer allegiance to France. It continues with English political affairs, the Bill of Rights and the death of Mary in 1694.