Are today's radicals tomorrow's extremists? Are adherents to Islamism necessarily extremist or violent? Most analyses of violence emanating from the Middle East or from Europe's Muslim communities tend to assume that this is the case. Not so in this book. Instead, with a wide-ranging and case-by-case approach, it seeks to look beyond these assumptions, examining the specific contexts of radicalism and asking what creates the conditions for radicalisation. Shedding much-needed light upon a phenomenon that has helped to define today's world, this book will be essential for general readers, students and researchers who take an interest in the fields of Politics, International Relations and the phenomena of multiculturalism and terrorism.