English summary: In the Soviet Union, the population's lifestyle and the way they organised their work in the kolkhozes, closed cities, the "creator unions," and the military-industrial complex factories were regulated by multiple special regimes.In this book, Russian and French historians explore this particular reality which is relatively unknown and in the process show how multifaceted the Soviet regime was. Considered to be totalitarian under Stalin, and authoritarian after his death, this regime sheds its all-encompassing nature as the reader learns about the closed worlds inhabited by various categories of the USSR's population. Beyond the administrative, national, social and professional divisions somewhat familiar to us today, the authors describe the population through the ways in which it reacted to the specific rules imposed on it by the diverse regimes in power at the time. They reveal that the Soviets are not truly a single and uniform people but are comprised of distinct unique groups whose peoples can be individually identified. Contrary to what is commonly thought to have been a leadership-imposed consensus, this book shows that a gap between personal strategies and the collective norm suddenly widened in the 1970s. This imbalance developed in reaction to a cultural organisation which was mixing ideological dogma acquired after 1917 with secular government methods.The aim of this work is to enable readers to discover the diversity of the Soviet peoples' experiences, which depended upon the category to which they belonged. In the Soviet Union, the Party line was dominant, but it was also considerably more multifaceted than suggested by the commonly accepted impression of the country, unchanged since the Cold War. French description: En Union sovietique, le mode de vie et l'organisation du travail dans les kolkhozes, les villes fermees, les unions des createurs, les usines du complexe militaro-industriel etaient regis par une multitude de regimes particuliers.Dans ce livre, des historiens russes et francais se penchent sur cette realite largement ignoree et demontrent ainsi combien le regime sovietique etait pluriel. Qualifie de totalitaire sous Staline puis d'autoritaire apres sa mort, ce regime perd son caractere englobant quand on etudie de pres les mondes clos des differentes categories de sa population. Au-dela des divisions administratives, nationales, sociales ou professionnelles relativement connues jusqu'ici, les auteurs apprehendent la population a travers les manieres dont elle reagit aux regles particulieres imposees par les differents regimes en vigueur a l'epoque. Ils montrent comment les Sovietiques n'existent pas en tant qu'entite pleine et entiere mais sont composes de groupe d'individus distincts, identifiables presque individuellement. Contrairement a une opinion repandue a propos d'un consensus impose par le pouvoir, ce livre montre un ecart entre les strategies individuelles et la norme collective qui s'est brusquement accrue dans les annees 1970: ce desequilibre a ete provoque en reaction a une organisation culturelle, melant des dogmes ideologiques acquis apres 1917 a des usages seculaires de gouvernance. L'objectif de l'ouvrage est de faire decouvrir aux lecteurs la diversite des experiences vecues par les Sovietiques, selon la categorie a laquelle ils appartenaient. En Union sovietique, la ligne du Parti etait certes pregnante mais etait beaucoup plus diverse que ne la represente aujourd'hui encore une memoire figee depuis la guerre froide. French description: