American Indian History from the Indian side

see source:
http://www.bemidjistate.edu/airc/resources/anishinaabe_timeline/

Anishinaabe Timeline
Gaa-izhiwebakin Anishinaabewakiing
Year Event Description Links
0 Zenith Creation-1492 Zenith of Mankind's Social Development happens in North America
1 Creation Anishinaabe Created in North America.
2 Flood and Re-creation Earth is flooded. Wenaboozhoo rebuilds earth on back of a turtle. Turtle Island is created (N. America)
3 Seven Values Gifted to Anishinaabe Love, Respect, Truth, Honesty, Bravery, Humility, Wisdom
4 Migration West Sacred Migis leads Ojibwe Nations migration westward from St. Lawrence River to the place of Wild rice

1492 Colonization 1492-1776

1492.1 Columbus Invades Americas October 12, 1492, Columbus lands on Hispaniola in Western Hemisphere. Slaughters and exploits natives for gold. Raw capitalism. Eastern hemisphere epidemics unleashed.


1585 Sir Walter Raleigh colonizes Roanoke Island, VA Raleigh conceived and organized the colonizing expeditions to America that ended tragically with the “lost colony”.


1620 First Contact with Ojibwe 1620-1650 French explorers and missionaries are discovered at Sault Ste. Marie


1620 May Flower lands on East Coast of Turtle Island

1622 Opechancanough leads Indian Confederacy against Virginia colonists

1637 Pequot War Belligerent Puritan colonists attempt to extend authority over Pequot's. War almost brings Pequot's to extinction and influx of pilgrims take land.
1640 Beaver Wars (Iroquois Wars) Dutch trade withdrawal and declining beaver cause Iroquois to expand territories. Push Huron's and SE Anishinaabe towards the Sault


1641 European colonists introduce scalping by offering bounties for Indian scalps In 1706 the governor of Pennsylvania offered 130 pieces of eight for the scalp of any Indian male over twelve years of age and 50 pieces of eight for a woman’s scalp. Because it was impossible for those who paid the bounty to determine the sex, and sometimes the age, of the victim from the scalp alone, killing women and children became a way to make easy money. The practice of paying bounties for Indian scalps did not end until the 1800s.


1641 Dutch colonists introduce scalping to Turtle Island by offering bounties for Indian scalps

1653 Ojibwe repel Iroquois from the Sault During their wars with the Iroquois, the Ojibwe pushed down both sides of Lake Huron and by 1701 controlled most of lower Michigan and southern Ontario. Iroquois wanted new hunting land for fur trade because they depleted thiers.



1662 Ojibwe final repel of Iroquois from the Sault. Reestablish SE Anishinaabe territories

1675 King Philip's War New England
1679 Ojibwe-Dakota Entente, Daniel du Luth,

1690 1690-1710 Ojibwe push West into Dakota country past St.Croix River The Ojibwe, who have been moving westward for generations, reach the land we now call Minnesota. They encounter forest-dwelling Dakota people already here.


1690 Fox Wars 1690-1733

1693 Fort La Pointe Established at Chequamegon Bay

1693 Madeline Island established as epicenter of Ojibwe Nation at Chequamegon Bay

1698 French withdraw western forts Ojibwe trade with Dakota
1700 Mississauga Ojibwe final repel of Iroquois During their wars with the Iroquois, the Ojibwe pushed down both sides of Lake Huron and by 1701 controlled most of lower Michigan and southern Ontario.

1712 French and Fox war The First Fox War (1712-16) began when Fox, Kickapoo, and Mascouten attacked Fort Pontchartrain on May 13th. The initial assault failed and was followed by a siege. With over 300 well-armed warriors pitted against 20 French soldiers inside a fort with crumbling walls, there is reason to ask if the Fox intended to kill the French or just scare them. In any case, a relief party of Wyandot, Ottawa, Potawatomi and Mississauga (Ojibwe) arrived and fell upon the Fox from behind. In the slaughter which followed, more than 1,000 Fox, Kickapoo, and Mascouten were killed. Only 100 of the Fox escaped to find refuge with the Iroquois (English traders called them Squawkies). Otherwise, only a few Fox returned to Wisconsin with the Kickapoo and Mascouten. They joined the Fox who had remained behind and made the French and their allies pay dearly for the massacre at Detroit.

1713 Peace at Utrecht

1715 Fox Naval attack Lake Superior Ojibwe

1730 Fox defeated by French Fox join Sauk Tribe after defeat
1745 Millacs Ojibwe defeat Santee Dakota The expansion of the Ojibwe into Wisconsin and Minnesota brought them into contact with the Eastern, or Santee Dakota (commonly known as the Sioux). During the 1730s, the Ojibwe and Dakota began to fight over the region around the western point of Lake Superior and the headwaters of the Mississippi River in Minnesota. A series of wars lasted until the 1850s. The Ojibwe were generally successful, and managed to push the Dakota farther west into Minnesota and North and South Dakota.

1754 French-Indian War 1754-1763 War between French and English for Lake Erie and Ohio valley
1756 Seven Years War 1756-1763

1760 French colonists surrender to British

1760 Cut Foot Sioux Leech Lake 1760? Ojibwe defeat Dakota. Dakota prisoners foot is cut by Ojibwe and told to walk home.
1763 Pontiac's War Pontiac attacks and destroys every British fort west of Niagara except Pitt and Detroit

17

1776 American Revolution 1776-1783


1776 Nation to Nation 1776-1871 Treaty Years

1780 Settlers push over Appalachian Mountains Brits can no longer ward off land grabbers but continue to control great lakes for 30 years
1780 Battle at St Croix Falls 1780? Lead by Waabijig, Ojibwe defeat Dakota and Fox at St. Croix Falls in a decisive battle
1787 Northwest Ordinance Indian land and property will not be taken without consent
1790 Indian Trade and Intercourse Act Any transfer of Indian land must be approved by congress
1791 Little Turtle at Fort Jefferson Little Turtle leads and Indian force of Miami's, Shawnees, and Delaware's, defeating Gen. Arthur St. Clair's army of over two thousand near Greenville, Ohio
1794 Establishment of British Northwest Company trading post at Sandy Lake.

1794 Jay Treaty

1795 Treaty of San Lorenzo

1803 Louisiana Purchase French sold US title to land between Mississippi and Rockies, which was not theirs to sell, helps fund Napoleons ware
1804 Lewis and Clark expedition to Pacific Up Mississippi and west, mapping, surveying potential resources for US
1808 Tecumseh's messengers visit Ojibwe

1811 Battle of Tippecanoe William Henry Harris destroys Tecumseh's village at Wabash River, IN, while Tecumseh gone
1812 War of 1812 (1812-1814) America declares war on British Empire. Brits and French are no longer threats as Anishinaabe allies against US. More power loss for Anishinaabe
1815 US signs treaties with Indians in Ohio Valley starting Indian removals west 1815-1825

1824 BIA created in War Department

1825 Treaty of Prairie du Chien (WI) establish boarder between Dakota and Ojibwe in the territory of Michigan (Minnesota) on August 19, 1825.
1826 American Fur Company post built at Sandy Lake.

1826 Treaty with the Chippewa concluded at the Fond du Lac of Lake Superior on August 5, 1826.

1827 Ojibwe Menominee boarder drawn

1830 Indian Removal Act President Jackson Removal Bill passed
1831 Cherokee Nation v. Georgia Tribes not foreign states but domestic dependent nations
1832 Black Hawk War Chief Black Hawk, Sauk and Fox, refuses to attend land session treaties in which rogue chiefs sign. On return from hunting camp finds American squatters with false deeds to his peoples land. After futile requests for justice to the U.S. Government, Black Hawk goes to war with U.S. in a series of battles. Under a flag of truce, many of Black Hawks people are massacred.
1832 Worcester v. Georgia

1837 Treaty with the Chippewa at St. Peters (the confluence of the St. Peters and Mississippi rivers) in the territory of Wisconsin on July 29, 1837.

1838 Trail of Death Indiana Potawatomis removed west to Kansas, many die forced march
1838 Trail of Tears Cherokee forced march west of Mississippi. 25% die enroute conservative estimates
1842 Treaty with the Chippewa at LaPointe Treaty with the Chippewa at LaPointe of Lake Superior in the territory of Wisconsin on October 4, 1842.
1847 Treaty with the Chippewa of the Mississippi and Lake Superior made and concluded at the Fond du Lac of Lake Superior on August 2, 1847.

1850 Sandy Lake Annuity Fiasco Late arrival of annuities cause death of 150 Chippewa people from dysentery and measles at Sandy Lake. Another 230-250 die en route home

1854 Treaty with the Chippewa at LaPointe

1855 Treaty with the Chippewa in Washington, D.C.

1860 Sioux woman dreams of drum Sioux woman dreams of drum, around 1860, when Calvary overrun her village. They also present the Drum to the Ojibwe.
1862 US-Dakota Conflict

1864 Treaty with the Chippewa, Mississippi, and Pillager and Lake Winnibigoshish Bands (1864) made and concluded at the City of Washington, D.C. On May 7, 1864 (Treaty is similar to the treaty of 1863, only addition was the tribe residing on the Sandy Lake Reservation shall not be removed).

1867 Treaty with the Chippewa of the Mississippi, 1867, made and concluded at Washington D.C. on March 19, 1867.

1871 Assimilation and Vortex of Historic Trauma 1871-1928

1871 End of treaty making

1871 Indian Appropriation Act

1876 Little Big Horn

1879 Carlisle Indian School

1885 Major Crimes Act

1886 Northwest Indian Commission came to meet with the Sandy Lake Ojibwe.

1887 Dawes Allotment Act An act to cut the lands on Indian Reservations, to extend protection of laws of the US and territories over Indians.



1889 Unassigned lands in Indian Territory opened by white settlers known as "boomers."


1889 Nelson Act

1890 Sitting Bull assassinated Lakota chief and Holy man

1890 Wounded Knee massacre in South Dakota 150 killed and 50 wounded in Wounded Knee Creek December 29th.

1890 Oklahoma Territory organized out of western half of Indian Territory


1890 Indian population in US reaches all-time low of less than 250.000.

1890 Wounded Knee Massacre

1891 Morris Act

1893 White Settlement Cherokee Outlet opened for white settlement

1898 Curtis Act Curtis Act created to extend allotment to the tribes of Oklahoma

1898 U.S. Annexes Hawaii U.S. Government takes control of Hawaiian Islands

1898 Battle of Sugar Point

1902 Morris Act

1903 Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock Supreme Court rules that Congress has power to abrogate treaties with Indian tribes

1904 Steenerson Act


1904 Clapp Rider Authorizes the sale of timber resources by "Competent Indians"


1906 Burke Act Burke Act amends Dawes Act, defines and allows 'competent' (1/8 white) Indians to sell allotments


1906 Alaska Allotment Act An Act authorizing the Secretary of the Interior to allot homesteads to the Natives of Alaska.



1907 Oklahoma becomes State Combines Indian and Oklahoma territories, tribal governments are dissolved



1911 Graham Commission

1913 White Earth Roll Commission UofM Anthropologists hired to see who was a full blood on White Earth by measuring physical traits such as skull, nose, and skin scratch test. Majority of full bloods now listed as mixed and more land and timber is lost.
1915 Sandy Lake Indian Reservation established


1918 General Council of the Red Lake Tribe created

1924 Indian Citizens Act

1928 Meriam Report Officially titled "The Problem of Indian Administration", published in 1928 by a team of social scientists, it recounted the conditions for Indian peoples on reservations. The report singled out the U.S. government's allotment policy as the greatest contri

1928 Indian Re-organization 1928-1953

1934 Johnson O'Mally Act The Johnson-O'Malley Act was passed, allowing states, other political subdivisions, and private entities to provide for the health, education, and welfare of Indians through contracts and grants. The Indian Reorganization Act, passed as part of President



1934 Indian Reorganization Act Ends allotment, provides for self-government, eliminates traditional government, legislation passed in 1934 in the United States in an attempt to secure new rights for Native Americans on reservations



1937 MCT Constitution Ratified in 1934, this constitution brought together six of the seven Chippewa (Anishinaabe) tribes in Minnesota, joined them together as the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe

1942 St. Croix Reservation established established from privately owned Indian land
1944 National Congress of Indians

1946 Indian Claims Commission established

1952 Indian Relocation Program

1953 P.L. . 280 State Civil and Criminal jurisdiction public law 280 termination of federal trusteeship over Indian lands. AL, CA, NE, MN, OR, and WI have criminal and civil jurisdiction over reservations

1953 House Concurrent Resolution 108 - Termination Act

1953 Termination 1953-1968

1956 relocation act act to encourage relocation to urban centers


1961 Indian conference and council American Indian Chicago conference



1961
National Indian Youth Council Founded

1968 AIM Founded American Indian movement founded

1968 American Indian Movement Aim was established to stop police brutality in the Minneapolis metro area.

1968 Indian Civil Rights Act Reservation Indians have many same rights as US constitution but only enforced by US if incarcerated by tribe.

1968 Self-Determination and 1968-1982

1969 AIM at Alcatraz Indian activists take over Alcatraz



1969 National Indian Education Association Founded in Minnesota to give American Indians and Alaska Natives a national voice in Education



1969 Kennedy Report Indian Education: A national tragedy, a national challenge
1970 LaDonna Harris embodies her Comanche heritage Since 1970, she has served as the president of Americans for Indian Opportunity (AIO),



1970 BIA Take Over AIM took over BIA offices in D.C. ending the trail of broken treaties

1971 A.I.M removed from Alcatraz federal officials removed them in 1971



1972 Office of Indian Education Created created in 1972, and it currently administers the Indian Education Program of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 --



1972 drinking water politics Fort McDowell Indians became aware of the proposal, in 1972



1972 AIM Trail of Broken Treaties March on BIA D.C. protesting broken federal promises
1972 Gurnoe Decision

1973 72 day standoff at wounded knee members of the American Indian Movement, together with a number of local and traditional Native Americans, began their seventy-two day stand off at Wounded Knee.

1973 AIM at Wounded Knee AIM



1975 Indian Self-Determination Act and Education Assistance Act Tribal control over reservation programs and school build schools
1978 Indian Child Welfare Act established to protect the well-being of our children, promote the stability and security of Indian tribes and families by giving tribal courts jurisdiction over children living on reservations


1978 Indian Freedom of Religion Act to protect and preserve for American Indians their inherent right of freedom to believe, express, and exercise the traditional religions

1978 Longest Walk AIM walk from Alcatraz to Washington D.C. to protest government ill treatment, ends with 30,000 ascending on Capital = equals million man march in scale
1981 President Reagan initiates cutbacks on Indian funding. President cuts funds by as much as 40%.



1982 Indian Mineral Development Act Congress passed this act to encourage tribes to become economically self-sufficient.



1982 Self-Governance and Self-Oppression 1982-Present

1984 Committee of Indian Affairs Committee gains jurisdiction to study unique problems of American Indians, native Hawaiians, Alaska natives



1985 Wilma Mankiller becomes principal chief of the Cherokee Nation. First women to be elected chief of a major Indian tribe.

1986 School Lawsuit Heart of the Earth, and Red school house successfully sue dept. of education

1987 Camp Justice Ojibwe sit-in at MCT offices demanding constitution reform
1988 Indian Gaming Regulatory Act Tribes become engaged in licensed gaming.

1988 Indian Self-Governance Act

1989 Senate Selects Committee on Indian Affairs Reports recommends a new era of voluntary agreements.
1990 Native American Grave Protection and Reparation Act New law, 101-601, to protect Indian burial grounds



1990 Native American Language Act Federal Policy statement recognizing Native American Language

1990 NAGPRA act President George Bush Signed the "Native American Graves Protection Act

1990 Indian Law Enforcement Act

1991 Indian Nations at Risk Task Force

1995 President rescues Office of Indian Education
2002 No Child Left Behind

2005 New Charter School opens in Naytahwaush, on the White Earth reservation Community members believe it will better from a cultural perspective

2011 Historic Trauma

2012 Constitution Reform Stops Self-oppression Referendum by petition researches and reestablishes traditional governance including contemporary needs for tomorrow.
2013 Poverty Culture Reversed Leadership, language, and culture re-establish self-identity
2014 Decolonization

2014 Ojibwe Nation Unites Canadian and US Ojibwe unite as one nation. Ojibwe vote at any reserve they live at regardless of enrollment place



Other topics to be included:
National Indian Youth Council Founded


Assassination of Bagonegiishig


Boarding Schools


Lake Superior Ojibwe defeat Dakota at Prescott Opens up LCO and Lac du Flambeau

Morris Act


Ojibwe defeat Dakota at Big Sandy Lake Battle


Schoolcraft


Termination Act


Vikings


Whipple

Eh?

Eh? (changing names…)

Oh, damn. I'm really Tim, but I'm not signed in anywhere as him…

Interesting list, especially as it draws closer to the present.

The parts about Europeans "inventing" or "introducing" scalping are mythical. See, for example, this bilingual document (PDF) about Creek rituals involving the taking and honoring of an enemy's scalp. It would be hard to pass this off as a European invention or an adaptation to European practice.

Besides, the "invention" trope tends to imply that Indians had no choice but to join in a supposedly barbarous practice invented by white people.

What Europeans did do, in the cases described, was to commodify scalps.

Some reports of scalp purchasing, though, are also mythical. On the southern frontier there were myths circulated by Anglo settlers that the Spanish in Florida were paying Indians for Anglo scalps. There is absolutely no evidence that this was so, and plenty of circumstantial evidence (e.g. the fact that the colonial government was chronically poor and Spanish soldiers went unpaid) to cast doubt on it.

Proofed

For several reasons, this somewhat cryptic entry found in the Anishinaabe Time-line (above) caught my eye: "1972 drinking water politics Fort McDowell Indians became aware of the proposal, in 1972". The "proposal" referred to was evidently the attempt by the US Government to "take" most of the tiny (4 mile by 10 mile) Fort McDowell Indian Reservation away from the Yavapai Tribe and submerge their land beneath a storage reservoir backed up behind a huge new "Orme" Dam, to be built at the confluence of the Salt and Verde Rivers for the newly authorized "Central Arizona Project" ... a scheme to bring Arizona's allotment of Colorado River water to the cities of Metro-Phoenix and Tucson.

A small group of Anglo citizens (including me), opposed the entire Central Arizona Project as wasteful. Instead of pumping millions of gallons of water a thousand feet uphill to encourage the growth of mega-cities and to grow alfalfa for dairy herds, we advocated the use of the water along the Colorado River itself. However, political and economic forces were far too powerful to stop the project, and in fact, huge canals and power plants designed to bring the water to central and southern Arizona were already under construction. However, if we couldn't stop the project, a huge roadblock might be put in the way if the highly emotional plight of the Yavapai Indian Tribe could be used to kill the storage reservoir behind Orme Dam.

To that end I started a support group called The Committee To Help Save Fort McDowell, and we began collecting signatures on petitions addressed to the then President of the United States ... Richard Nixon, asking that he intervene and help save the reservation, the loss of which would have utterly destroyed the tribe. While attending government hearings addressing the proposed Orme Dam and Reservoir, we soon became aware that the plight of the tribe was far more important than any concern we might have over where the water would be used or stored. In 1981, after ten years of effort ... the government was finally convinced to store CAP water not on Reservation land, but in an already existing reservoir north of Phoenix.

During this long effort several in our group became intimately involved with members of the Yavapai tribe, several of whom asked for help in recording tribal history. Central to that work were anthropologist Dr. Sigrid Khera of Arizona State University and Carolina Butler, the head of the Committee To Save ... Before her death in 1984, Dr. Khera left all of her enthographic work ... documents, manuscripts, tape recordings, etc, ... with Mrs. Butler, who finally managed to get the work published only last year ... in 2012.

The book is entitled "Oral History of the Yavapai" ... by Mike Harrison, John Willliams, Sigrid Khera, Ph.D., editor, and Carolina C. Butler, editor. ISBN 978-1-935089-55-1 .