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6 oeuvres 245 utilisateurs 8 critiques

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William F. Ruddiman recently retired as Professor of Environmental Sciences at the University of Virginia.

Œuvres de William F. Ruddiman

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Nom canonique
Ruddiman, William F.
Date de naissance
1943-01-08
Sexe
male
Nationalité
USA
Lieu de naissance
Washington, D.C., USA

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Indeholder "Preface", "Part I: Framework of Climate Science", " Chapter 1: Overview of Climate Science", " Climate and Climate Change", " 1.1 Geologic Time", " 1.2 How This Book Is Organized", " Development of Climate Science", " 1.3 How Scientists Study Climate Change", " Overview of the Climate System", " 1.4 Components of the Climate System", " 1.5 Climate Forcing", " 1.6 Climate System Responses", " 1.7 Time Scales of Forcing versus Response", " 1.8 Response Rates and Interactions Within the Climate System", " 1.9 Feedbacks in the Climate System", " Box 1-1 Tools of Climate Science: Temperature Scales", " Chapter 2: Earth's Climate System Today", " Heating Earth", " 2.1 Incoming Solar Radiation", " 2.2 Recipt and Storage of Solar Heat", " 2.3 Heat Transformation", " Heat Transfer in Earth's Atmosphere", " 2.4 Overcoming Stable Layering in the Atmosphere", " 2.5 Tropical-Subtropical Atmospheric Circulation", " 2.6 Atmospheric Circulation at Miccle and High Latitudes", " Heat Transfer in Earth's Oceans", " 2.7 The Surface Ocean", " 2.8 Deep-Ocean Circulation", " Ice on Earth", " 2.9 Sea Ice", " 2.10 Glacial Ice", " Earth's Biosphere", " 2.11 Response of the Biosphere to the Physical Climate System", " 2.12 Effects of the Biosphere on the Climate System", " Box 2-1 Looking Deeper into Climate Science: The Structure of Earth's Atmosphere", " Box 2-2 Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Albedo/Temperature", " Box 2-3 Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Water in the Climate System", " Box 2-4 Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Water Vapor", " Box 2-5 Looking Deeper into Climate Science: The Coriolis Effect", " Box 2-6 Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Vegetation-Climate Feedbacks", " Chapter 3: Climate Archives, Data, and Models", " Climate Archives", " 3.1 Types of Archives", " 3.2 Dating Climate Records", " 3.3 Climate Resolution", " Climate Data", " 3.4 Biotic Data", " 3.5 Geological and Geochemical Data", " Climate Models", " 3.6 Physical Climate Models", " 3.7 Geochemical (Mass Balance) Models", "Part II: Tectonic-Scale Climate Change", " Chapter 4: Co2 and Long-Term Climate", " Greenhouse Worlds", " The Faint Young Sun Paradox", " Carbon Exchanges between Rocks and the Atmosphere", " 4.1 Volcanic Input of Carbon from Rocks to the Atmosphere", " 4.2 Chemical Weathering Removal of CO2 from the Atmosphere", " Climate Factors That Control Chemical Weathering", " Chemical Weathering: Earth's Thermostat?", " Is Life the Ultimate Control on Earth's Thermostat?", " 4.3 The Gaia Hypothesis", " Box 4-1 Climate Debate: A Snowball Earth?", " Box 4-2 Looking Deeper into Climate Science: The Organic Carbon Subcycle", " Chapter 5: Plate Tectonics and Climate", " Plate Tectonics", " 5.1 Structure and Composition of Tectonic Plates", " 5.2 Evidence of Past Plate Motions", " The Polar Position Hypothesis", " 5.3 Glaciations and Continental Positions since 500 Myr Ago", " Modeling Climate on the Supercontinent Pangaea", " 5.4 Input to the Model Simulation of Pangaean Climate", " 5.5 Output from the Model Simulation of Pangaean Climate", " Tectonic Control of CO2 Input: The BLAG Spreading Rate Hypothesis", " 5.6 Control of CO2 Input by Seafloor Spreading", " 5.7 Initial Evaluation of the BLAG Spreading Rate Hypothesis", " Tectonic Control of CO2 Removal: The Uplift Weathering Hypothesis", " 5.8 Rock Exposure and Chemical Weathering", " 5.9 Uplift and Chemical Weathering", " What Controls Chemical Weathering?", " 5.10 Weathering: Climate Forcing and Feedback", " Box 5-1 Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Brief Glaciation 430 Myr Ago", " Chapter 6: Greenhouse Earth", " What Explains Greenhouse Warmth 100 Myr Ago?", " 6.1 Model Simulations of a Greenhouse World", " 6.2 What Explains the Data-Model Mismatch?", " Sea Level Changes and Climate", " 6.3 Causes of Tectonic-Scale Changes in Sea Level", " 6.4 Effect of Sea Level Changes on Climate", " Asteroid Impacts", " Box 6-1 Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: The Effect of CO2 on Climate", " Box 6-2 Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Calculating Changes in Sea Level", " Chapter 7: Back into the Icehouse: The Last 55 Million Years", " Global Climate Change Since 55 Myr Ago", " 7.1 Evidence from Ice and Vegetaion", " 7.2 Oxygen Isotope Data", " Why Did Global Climate Cool over the Last 55 Myr?", " 7.3 Evaluating the BLAG Spreading Rate Hypothesis", " 7.4 Evaluating the Uplift Weathering Hypothesis", " 7.5 Evaluating the Ocean Heat Transport Hypothesis", " 7.6 Causes of Brief Tectonic-Scale Climate Change", " Understanding and Predicting Tectonic Climate Change", " Box 7-1 Tools of Climate Science: Oxygen Isotope Ratios (delta O_18)", " Box 7-2 Climate Debate: The Timing of Uplift in Western North America", " Box 7-3 Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Is Sr_87/Sr_86 an Index of Chemical Weathering?", "Part III: Orbital-Scale Climate Change", " Chapter 8: Astronomical Control of Solar Radiation", " Earth's Orbit Today", " 8.1 Earth's Tilted Axis of Rotation and the Seasons", " 8.2 Earth's Eccentric Orbit Changes in the Distance Between Earth and Sun", " Long-Term Changes in Earth's Orbit", " 8.3 Changes in Earth's Axial Tilt Through Time", " 8.4 Changes in Earth's Eccentric Orbit Through Time", " 8.5 Precession of Solstices and Equinoxes around Earth's Orbit", " Changes in Insolation Received on Earth", " 8.6 Insolation Changes by Month and Season", " 8.7 Insolation Changes According to Caloric Season", " Looking for Orbital-Scale Changes in Climate Records", " 8.8 Time Series Analysis", " 8.9 Aliasing of Climate Records", " 8.10 Tectonic-Scale Changes in Earth's Orbit", " Box 8.1 Tools of Climate Science: Cycles and Modulation", " Box 8.2 Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Earth's Precession as a Sine Wave", " Chapter 9: Insolation Control of Monsoons", " Monsoon Circulations", " 9.1 Orbital-Scale Control of Summer Monsoons", " Evidence of Orbital-Scale Changes in Summer Monsoons", " 9.2 'Stinky Muds' in the Mediterranean", " 9.3 Freshwater Diatoms in the Tropical Atlantic", " 9.4 Upwelling in the Equatorial Atlantic", " Refinements of the Orbital Monsoon Hypothesis", " 9.5 Lag of Monsoons Behind Summer Insolation", " 9.6 Clipped Monsoon Responses and Monsoon Harmonics", " Monsoon Forcing Earlier in Earth's History", " 9.7 Monsoons on Pangaea 200 Myr Ago", " 9.8 Joint Tectonic and Orbital Control of Monsoons", " Chapter 10: Insolation Control of Ice Sheets", " What Controls the Size of Ice Sheets?", " 10.1 Orbital-Scale Control of Ice Sheets: The Milankovitch Theory", " Modeling the Behavior of Ice Sheets", " 10.2 Insolation Control of Ice Sheet Size", " 10.3 Ice Sheet Lags behind Summer Insolation Forcing", " 10.4 Delayed Bedrock Response Beneath Ice Sheets", " 10.5 Full Cycle of Ice Growth and Decay", " 10.6 Ice Slipping and Calving", " Northern Hemisphere Ice Sheet History", " 10.7 Conceptual Model: Evolution of Ice Sheet Cycles", " 10.8 Evidence from delta O_18: How Ice Sheets Actually Evolved", " 10.9 Confirming Ice Volume Changes: Coral Reefs and Sea Level", " 10.10 Using Astronomical and delta O_18 Signals as a Chronometer", " Box 10-1 Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Ice Volume Response to Insolation", " Box 10-2 Climate Debate: Antarctic Deglaciation 3 Myr Ago?", " Box 10-3 Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Sea Level on Uplifting Islands", " Chapter 11: Orbital-Scale Changes in Carbon Dioxide and Methane", " Ice Cores", " 11.1 Drilling and Dating Ice Cores", " 11.2 Trapping Gases in the Ice", " Orbital-Scale Changes in Methane", " Orbital-Scale Changes in CO2", " 11.3 Physical Oceanographic Explanations of CO2 Changes", " 11.4 Orbital-Scale Carbon Rservoirs", " 11.5 Tracking Carbon through the Climate System", " 11.6 Can delta C_13 Evidence Detect Glacial Changes in Carbon Reservoirs?", " 11.7 Pumping of Carbon into the Deep Ocean during Glaciations", " 11.8 Changes in the Circulation of Deep Water during Glaciations", " Box 11-1 Tools of Climate Science: Carbon Isotope Ratios (delta C_13)", " Box 11-2 Climate Debate: Do Winds Fertilize the Glacial Ocean?", " Chapter 12: Orbital-Scale Interactions in the Climate System", " Orbital-Scale Forcing and Response Revisited", " Ice-Driven Climate Responses", " 12.1 Ice-Driven Responses in High Northern Latitudes", " 12.2 Orbital Cycles in Regions Remote from Northern Hemisphere Ice", " CO2 Level and Ice Volume: Which Drives Which?", " The Mystery of the 100,000-Year Cycle", " 12.3 Why Have Ice Sheets Grown Larger Since 9.8 Myr Ago?", " 12.4 What Causes Abrupt Deglaciations (Terminations)?", "Part IV: Deglacial and Millennial Climate Changes", " Chapter 13: The Last Glacial Maximum", " The Glacial World: More Ice and Less Gas", " 13.1 Project CLIMAP: Reconstructing the Last Glacial Maximum", " 13.2 How Large Were the Ice Sheets?", " 13.3 Glacial Dirt and Winds", " Testing Model Simulations Against Biotic Data", " 13.4 Project COHMAP: Data-Model Comparisons", " 13.5 Pollen: An Indicator of Climate on the Continents", " 13.6 Using Pollen for Data-Model Comparisons", " Data-Model Comparisons of Glacial Maximum Climates", " 13.7 Model Simulations of Glacial Maximum Climates", " 13.8 Climate Changes Near the Northern Ice Sheets", " 13.9 Climate Changes Far from the Northern Ice Sheets", " How Cold Were the Glacial Tropics?", " 13.10 Evidence for a Small Tropical Cooling", " 13.11 Evidence for a Large Tropical Cooling", " 13.12 Was the Actual Tropical Cooling Medium-Small?", " 13.13 Relevance of Glacial Tropical Temperatures to Future Climate", " Box 13-1 Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Ventilating the Glacial Ocean", " Chapter 14: Climate During and Since the Last Deglaciation", " Fire and Ice: A Shift in the Balance of Power", " 14.1 When Did the Ice Sheets Melt?", " 14.2 Coral Reefs: A Measure of Rising Sea Level", " 14.3 Glitches in the Deglaciation: The Deglacial Two-Step", " 14.4 Positive Feedbacks to Insolation Melting?", " 14.5 Deglacial Lakes, Floods, and Sea Level Rise", " Climate Changes During and Since Deglaciation", " 14.6 Stronger, Then Weaker Monsoons", " 14.7 Warmer, Then Cooler North Polar Summers", " Fading Memories of Melting Ice", " Predicting Future Orbital-Scale Changes", " Box 14-1 Tools of Climate Science: Deglacial C_14 Dates Are Too Young", " Box 14-2 Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Giant Deglacial Floods", " Chapter 15: Millennial Oscillations in Climate", " Millennial Oscillations During Glaciations", " 15.1 Oscillations Recorded in Greenland Ice Cores", " 15.2 Detecting and Dating Millennial Oscillations in Other Regions", " 15.3 Oscillations Recorded in North Atlantic Sediments", " 15.4 Where Else Did Millennial Oscillations Occur?", " Millennial Oscillations During the Last 8000 Years", " 15.5 Greenland and North Atlantic Records", " 15.6 Other Millennial-Scale Changes During Interglaciations", " Causes of Millennial-Scale Oscillations", " 15.7 Processes Within Ice Sheets", " 15.8 Interactions Within the Climate System", " 15.9 Causes External to the Climate System: Solar Variability", " Implications of Millennial Oscillations for Future Climate", " Box 15-1 Tools of Climate Science: (delta O_18) Fluctuations in Ice Cores", "Part V: Historical and Future Climate Changes", " Chapter 16: Historical Changes in Climate", " The Little Ice Age: Local or Global?", " Proxy Measures of Historical Climate", " 16.1 Ice Cores from Mountain Glaciers", " 16.2 Tree Rings", " 16.3 Corals and Tropical Ocean Temperatures", " Historical and Instrumental Observations", " 16.4 Historical Records of El Niño", " 16.5 Instrumental Temperature Records", " 16.6 Glaciers and Sea Level", " 16.7 Satellite and Other Observations in Recent Decades", " Natural Causes of Historical Climate Changes", " 16.8 Orbital-Scale and Millennial-Scale Controls on Climate", " 16.9 Century-Scale and Decaldal-Scale Factores: Solar Forcing", " 16.10 Annual-Scale Factors: Volcanoes and El Niño", " Box 16-1 Tools of Climate Science: Analyzing Tree Rings", " Box 16-2 Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: El Nino", " Box 16-3 Climate Debate: Satellites vs. Surface Temperatures", " Chapter 17: Humans and Climate Change", " The Impact of Climate on Human Evolution", " 17.1 Evidence of Human Evolution", " 17.2 Did Climate Change Drive Human Evolution", " 17.3 Testing Climatic Hypotheses with Fragmentary Records", " The Impact of Climate on Early Civilizations", " 17.4 Did Climate Affect the Origin of Agriculture?", " 17.5 Sea Level Rise and the Origin of Flood Legends", " 17.6 Possible Impacts of Climate on Other Civilizations", " Early Impacts of Humans on Climate", " 17.7 Early Impacts of Humans on Large Mammals?", " 17.8 Impacts of Land Clearance on Climate?", " The Impacts of Humans on the Atmosphere: The Last 250 Years", " 17.9 Increases in Carbon Dioxide (CO2)", " 17.10 Increases in Methane (CH4)", " 17.11 Increases in Sulfate Aerosols", " 17.12 Increases in Chlorofluorocarbons and Destruction of Ozone", " Box 17-1 Climate Debate: Impacts of Humans on CH4 Levels for 5000 Years?", " Chapter 18: Climate in the Twentieth Century", " The Impact of Natural Variations in Climate", " 18.1 Natural Variations on Different Time Scales", " Earth's Sensitivity to Greenhouse Gases", " 18.2 Sensitivity to Greenhouse Gases in Climate Models", " 18.3 Sensitivity to Greenhouse Gases in Earth's Climate History", " Causes of Global Warming in the Twentieth Century", " 18.4 Delayed Warming: The Thermal Inertia of the Ocean", " 18.5 Have Smokestack Sulfates Canceled Part of the Greenhouse Warming?", " 18.6 Summary of CO2 Sensitivity", " The Greenhouse Debate: Proponents and Skeptics", " Box 18-1 Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Direct Radiative Forcing", " Box 18-2 Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Deep-Ocean Warming in the Twentieth Century?", " Chapter 19: Climate Change in the Next 100 to 1000 Years", " Natural Variations in Climate", " Future Human Impacts on Climate", " 19.1 Projected Carbon Emissions", " 19.2 Projected CO2 Concentrations in the Atmosphere", " 19.3 Other Human Effects on the Atmosphere", " Future Climate Change Caused by Increased CO2", " 19.4 Projected Temperature Changes", " 19.5 Partial Analogs from Earth's History: 2xCO2 and 4xCO2 Worlds", " 19.6 Greenhouse Surprises?", " Monitoring Greenhouse Warming: The Next Few Decades", " 19.7 Measuring Changes in Ice Sheet Thickness", " 19.8 Measuring Ocean Warming and Expansion", " The Impacts of Future Increases in Greenhouse Gases on Humans", " Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Will Frozen Methane Melt?", "Glossary", "Index".

En gennemgang af klimastudier og hvordan man kan finde ud af hvad der er sket for millioner af år siden. Dybt fascinerende.
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Signalé
bnielsen | 1 autre critique | Jan 13, 2017 |
Indeholder "About This Book", "About the Author", "Prologue. Did Civilization Develop in a Naturally Warm World?", "Part 1. A Mystery: Wrong-Way Greenhouse-Gas Trends", " Chapter 1. Natures Climatic Cycles", " Chapter 2. Wrong-Way Methane Trend", " Chapter 3. Wrong-Way Carbon Dioxide Trend", "Part 2. Early Agriculture: Answer to the CO2 and CH4 Mysteries?", " Chapter 4. The Fertile Crescent and Europe", " Chapter 5. China and Southern Asia", " Chapter 6. The Americas", " Chapter 7. Africa, Australia, and Oceania", "Part 3. Debating a New Hypothesis", " Chapter 8. Early Farming and Per Capita Land Use", " Chapter 9. How Should Interglacial Gas Trends Be Compared?", " Chapter 10. Natural Versus Anthropogenic CH4 Sources: Closer Scrutiny", " Chapter 11. Natural Versus Anthropogenic CO2 Sources: Closer Scrutiny", "Part 4. How Science Moves Forward", " Chapter 12. Falsification", " Chapter 13. Paradigm Shifts", " Chapter 14. An Emerging Paradigm for the Anthropogenic Era?", "Part 5. Early Human Effects on Climate", " Chapter 15. Is the Next Glaciation Overdue?", " Chapter 16. Other Climatic Effects of Early Land Clearance", " Chapter 17. The End of Northern Hemisphere Glaciations", "Part 6. Small Steps Back Toward an Ice Age", " Chapter 18. The Little Ice Age", " Chapter 19. Were the Drops in CO2 and CH4 Natural?", " Chapter 20. Mass Human Mortality and CO2 Decreases", " Chapter 21. Effects of Humans on Short-Term Greenhouse-Gas Reductions", "Epilogue", "Glossary", "Index ".

Mennesker er noget af et skadedyr, hvis man ser det fra planetens synspunkt.
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Signalé
bnielsen | Jan 10, 2017 |
Indeholder "List of Illustrations", "Preface", "Part 1. What Has Controlled Earth's Climate?", " 1. Climate and Human History", "Part 2. Nature in Control", " 2. Slow Going for a Few Million Years", " 3. Linking Earth's Orbit to Its Climate", " 4. Orbital Changes Control Ice-Age Cycles", " 5. Orbital Changes Control Monsoon Cycles", " 6. Stirrings of Change", "Part 3. Humans Begin to Take Control", " 7. Early Agriculture and Civilization", " 8. Taking Control of Methane", " 9. Taking Control of CO2", " 10. Have We Delayed a Glaciation?", " 11. Challenges and Responses", "Part 4. Disease Enters the Picture", " 12. But What about Those CO2 "Wiggles"?", " 13. The Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Which One?", " 14. Pandemics, CO2, and Climate", "Part 5. Humans in Control", " 15. Greenhouse Warming: Tortoise and Hare", " 16. Future Warming: Large or Small?", " 17. From the Past into the Distant Future", "Epilogue", " 18. Global-Change Science and Politics", " 19. Consuming Earth's Gifts", "Afterword to the Princeton Science Library Edition", "Bibliography", "Figure Sources", "Index".

Klimaforandringer og menneskets store indflydelse på det seneste. Ruddimans teori er at det begyndte allerede med landbruget, dvs for tusinder af år siden og at det har udskudt en istid.
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Signalé
bnielsen | 4 autres critiques | Dec 6, 2016 |
This is a carefully written hypothesis -- or three separate hypotheses -- to do with human impact on climate. The first two have the most space devoted to them. They assert that over the past 8,000 and 5,000 years respectively, the effect of humans in clearing forests for agriculture and irrigating lowlands for rice cultivation caused increases of carbon dioxide and methane which in turn kept global temperatures high enough to prevent the onset of the next glaciation. It's a good hypothesis and it feels indisputable. But I didn't read enough discussion about the complete cycles involved to totally convince me. He mentions it when discussing climate modelling very briefly: "the models attempt to simulate all of these interconnected responses [of carbon dioxide and methane concentrations in the atmosphere, temperature, ice volume, etc.] rather than analyzing them one-by-one in isolation". But for simplicity's sake he does here consistently analyze factors individually and in pairs, to make his argument. It's not a big flaw but it'd have been nice to see more discussion of how, for example, carbon dioxide, ice volume, and temperature relate to one another. But then you get into one hell of a confusing tangle of interconnected factors, so I can see why he didn't go there. Actually, not unlike the solubility of carbon dioxide in the oceans, which he admirably boils down to a single paragraph.

Anyway, those first two arguments about carbon dioxide and methane are good, and I wouldn't be surprised to see them form a central element in the future understanding of Pleistocene climate change. The last hypothesis is about pandemics causing the short-term drops in temperature over the past 2,000 years. Not so convincing. On balance I think his case is decent, but he had me cringing for half a dozen pages as he listed, in detail, European plagues, without mentioning the large numbers of people in India or China, or the mechanism by which population decline causes carbon dioxide concentrations to drop. Only at the end did he mention farm abandonment and reforestation as the mechanism, and that population densities in East Asia were high enough long enough ago that it didn't happen even with plagues. Fair enough. It's an interesting hypothesis but honestly the data presented here on both sides (two poorly matched ice core CO2 curves, and a cursory glance through the pandemic history of (mostly) Europe) are not good enough to convince me.

The last part is an interesting and brief glimpse at the industrial revolution's effects on climate that we are all probably sick of arguing about. It's interesting because it's the same stuff as usual but seen through a palaeoclimatologist's eyes, which is a much less gloomy perspective. The industrial CO2 pulse will go into the atmosphere, and then the ocean will soak it up. Life will go on. CO2 concentrations will return to their naturally, orbitally-forced decline, and a glaciation may or may not resume. The ice caps will not melt, due to their massive thermal inertia, although they may change a little around the edges. These are not predictions that rest on massive and much-argued-about general atmospheric circulation models, but simple consideration of all the causal relationships and response times. He does point out that by far the biggest casualties of our industrial CO2 emissions will be (1) the future cost of energy for humanity, once we've burned so much of our inherited carbon; and (2) the oceans. This last point he does not stress enough. The carbon we're burning in the form of coal and oil is going in the atmosphere, sure, and it will cause temperatures to spike, although we've already been doing that, as is the point of this book, for 8,000 years. But on a geological scale we're really pumping it into the oceans, which has the effect of acidifying them and irreversibly changing the ecosystems within them, if not (hopefully not) their thermodynamics.

His final point is a disclaimer for climate change denialists, and an odd but reasonable defense, wherein he says that the industrial CO2 input is bad, but not the worst thing we're doing to the Earth. Instead he lists: the destruction of ecosystems and ignorance of ecosystem services (e.g. forests), the depletion of fresh water, esp. groundwater, on a gigantic and irreversible scale, and the erosion and loss of lovely glacial sediments (topsoil) in prime agricultural land. Amen to those.
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Signalé
seabear | 4 autres critiques | May 29, 2013 |

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Œuvres
6
Membres
245
Popularité
#92,910
Évaluation
4.1
Critiques
8
ISBN
22
Langues
4

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