Christiaan Huygens (1629–1695)

Indeholder "Chapter I. On Rays Propagated in Straight Lines", " That Light is produced by a certain movement", " That no substance passes from the luminous object to the eyes", " That Light spreads spherically, almost as Sound does", " Whether Light takes time to spread", " Experience seeming to prove that it passes instantaneously", " Experience proving that it takes time", " How much its speed is greater than that of Sound", " In what the emission of Light differs from that of Sound", " That it is not the same medium which serves for Light and Sound", " How Sound is propagated", " How Light is propagated", " Detailed Remarks on the propagation of Light", " Why Rays are propagated only in straight lines", " How Light coming in different directions can cross itself", "Chapter II. On Reflexion", " Demonstration of equality of angles of incidence and reflexion", " Why the incident and reflected rays are in the same plane perpendicular to the reflecting surface", " That it is not needful for the reflecting surface to be perfectly flat to attain equality of the angles of incidence and reflexion", "Chapter III. On Refraction", " That bodies may be transparent without any substance passing through them", " Proof that the ethereal matter passes through transparent bodies", " How this matter passing through can render them transparent", " That the most solid bodies in appearance are of a very loose texture", " That Light spreads more slowly in water and in glass than in air", " Third hypothesis to explain transparency, and the retardation which Light suffers", " On that which makes bodies opaque", " Demonstration why Refraction obeys the known proportion of Sines", " Why the incident and refracted Rays produce one another reciprocally", " Why Reflexion within a triangular glass prism is suddenly augmented when the Light can no longer penetrate", " That bodies which cause greater Refraction also cause stronger Reflexion", " Demonstration of the Theorem of Mr. Fermat", "Chapter IV. On the Refraction of the Air", " That the emanations of Light in the air are not spherical", " How consequently some objects appear higher than they are", " How the Sun may appear on the Horizon before he has risen", " That the rays of light become curved in the Air of the Atmosphere, and what effects this produces", "Chapter V. On the Strange Refraction of Iceland Crystal", " That this Crystal grows also in other countries", " Who first-wrote about it", " Description of Iceland Crystal; its substance, shape, and properties", " That it has two different Refractions", " That the ray perpendicular to the surface suffers refraction, and that some rays inclined to the surface pass without suffering refraction", " Observation of the refractions in this Crystal", " That there is a Regular and an Irregular Refraction", " The way of measuring the two Refractions of Iceland Crystal", " Remarkable properties of the Irregular Refraction", " Hypothesis to explain the double Refraction", " That Rock Crystal has also a double Refraction", " Hypothesis of emanations of Light, within Iceland Crystal, of spheroidal form, for the Irregular Refraction", " How a perpendicular ray can suffer Refraction", " How the position and form of the spheroidal emanations in this Crystal can be defined", " Explanation of the Irregular Refraction by these spheroidal emanations", " Easy way to find the Irregular Refraction of each incident ray", " Demonstration of the oblique ray which traverses the Crystal without being refracted", " Other irregularities of Refraction explained", " That an object placed beneath the Crystal appears double, in two images of different heights", " Why the apparent heights of one of the images change on changing the position of the eyes above the Crystal", " Of the different sections of this Crystal which produce yet other refractions, and confirm all this Theory", " Particular way of polishing the surfaces after it has been cut", " Surprising phenomenon touching the rays which pass through two separated pieces; the cause of which is not explained", " Probable conjecture on the internal composition of Iceland Crystal, and of what figure its particles are", " Tests to confirm this conjecture", " Calculations which have been supposed in this Chapter", "Chapter VI. On the Figures of transparent bodies which serve for Refraction and for Reflexion", " General and easy rule to find these Figures", " Invention of the Ovals of Mr. Des Cartes for Dioptrics", " How he was able to find these Lines", " Way of finding the surface of a glass for perfect refraction, when the other surface is given", " Remark on what happens to rays refracted at a spherical surface", " Remark on the curved line which is formed by reflexion in a spherical concave mirror".

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