Eric Christiansen (1937–2016)

the west european view of crusades is usually portrayed as being connected with palestine or spain and about christianity and islam. This book is a corrective which shows that on the baltic, christians persecuted peoples who had "pagan" beliefs and indeed later fought their own latin catholic believers (Lithuania & Poland) and schismatic orthodox Novgorod and Moscovy. Eric Christiansen does a great job with some complex weaving of the various waves of invasion and counter invasion in the name of religion although always tempered with the desire to trade and make money.

The book is in my view excellent as a single volume explanation of the eastern baltic period 950-1550AD.

I have read military history books about Poland, Saxony, Sweden and Russia culminating in the Great Northern War between Russia and Sweden. I wish I had read this book before tackling the period 1400-1730AD. And in that respect this book lays the foundations for understanding the context of Russia's baltic interests and even todays independent states of Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.… (plus d'informations)

A dry, but interesting, book. The northern crusades are interesting because they permanently changed the religious face of eastern europe, as opposed to the more commonly studied middle east crusades which, while important, were transient christian occupation of an area that was formerly muslim and which subsequently reverted back to muslim control after the crusaders were expelled. Christiansen does a good job setting the stage for the crusades, and taking us through the various phases of warfare that occurred in the region. A fun read, but definitely not THE most interesting book out there.… (plus d'informations)

And we think the Middle East is a mess. The people around the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea somehow missed out on the first wave of Christianization that spread over the rest of Europe, and remained content to worship an assortment of gods; trade furs, wax, amber and slaves; and fight with each other and whoever else was handy. This situation obviously couldn’t last, as Medieval feudal rulers realized there was no point in trekking all the way to the Holy Land to fight when there were perfectly suitable heathens right next door. Thus began a slow conquest of the area, with Swedes advancing through Finland, Danes crossing the Baltic to Estonia, Saxons and Teutonic Knights marching northeast into Prussia and Livonia, and from the east, Novgorodians (Author Eric Christiansen is careful always to use this correct but awkward term; at the time Rus was a state to the south with its capital at Kiev and the citizens of Novgorod did not consider themselves Russians).


The situation was reminiscent of the American Indian wars; not so much the fights on the plains but the earlier wars in the eastern woodlands. The various crusading powers were able to seize the seacoasts relatively quickly, and then push gradually inland along major rivers, but had great difficulty coming to grips with the pagans when they retreated to the nearly impenetrable forests of the interior.


The Teutonic Knights are perhaps the most interesting characters on the stage. Originally created on the model of the Templars and Hospitalers to fight in the Middle East (in fact, their official headquarters remained at Acre until that city fell in 1291), they became a territorial power in the Baltic. There were never that many knight-brothers; you had to be celibate, wear poor clothes, live in a monastic barracks, and go out to be killed in battle if you were lucky or taken prisoner and disemboweled or burnt alive as a sacrifice if you were not (“So what’s the catch?”, I’m sure you’re thinking). The Knights became sort of a medieval crusading tourist company; various nobles from elsewhere in Europe with a vow to fulfill, or just bored with peace, would show up with their entourage, accept the Knights’ hospitality for a while (although the Knights were austere themselves, they always put on a good show for guests), then go off on a guided trip to smite Prussians, Pomeranians, Pomerelians, Pomeratians, Lithuanians, Letts, Levs, Estonians, Ingrians, Vods, or if there were no pagans available at the time, Poles or Novgorodians – see Alexander Nevsky. I was surprised to find that Henry Bolingbroke (later Henry IV of England) put in a season with the Teutonic Knights.


Several factors ended the Northern Crusades; the Swedes ran out of Finns and ran into Novgorodians; the Danes found Estonia more trouble than it was worth and sold it to the Teutonic Knights; Novgorod fell to Muscovy, and Grand Duke Mindaugas of Lithuania gathered the bickering noble families (most of which were his relations) together, explained that their constant internecine fighting played into the hands of the crusaders, and solved the problem by killing them, declaring himself king, and having himself baptized. Mindaugas’ descendant Jogaila married into Polish royalty and eventually became king Wladyslaw IV. The Knights attempted to keep going by arguing that Jogaila wasn’t really a Christian and the Poles were heretics, but they weren’t able to convince anybody else to continue to crusade, and the combined Polish/Lithuanian armies smashed the Knights at Tannenberg in 1410. The rump hung on for a while with a few castles in Prussia and Livonia, but the last Grandmaster let himself be persuaded by Martin Luther that he and his monks would be better off abandoning their vows, marrying, and setting themselves up as secular noble families, which they did. The ghosts of the Knights haunted Europe for years; Hitler was fond of having himself portrayed in medieval armor, admired Henry the Lion, and, of course, made Drang nach Osten his foreign policy.


I can’t say Christiansen is a particularly absorbing writer; he’s not bad but he’s not Stephen Ambrose or Shelby Foote, either. The material is interesting enough to get you over the dull spots in the prose. I knew very little of the history of this time and place, and this book was enlightening. Lots of references and good maps (fortunately, since maps are necessary to figure out the complicated political boundaries and name changes from German to Polish to Russian and back).… (plus d'informations)