Herman Bavinck (1854–1921)

A conveniência deste livro, publicado primeiramente em 1901, é vista pelo grande número de textos acadêmicos que o citam. A certeza da fé é um dos pequenos porém poderosos clássicos escritos por um dos maiores teólogos que a Holanda já produziu. Bavinck examina de maneira histórica, bíblica e teológica a diferença entre a certeza da ciência e a certeza da religião. É essencial, para a fé e para a vida da fé, estudar pormenorizadamente a área dos princípios básicos, porque as questões aqui levantadas são de fundamental importância para todos. Não há questão mais importante do que aquela que diz respeito ao fundamento de nossa fé, à certeza de nossa salvação, ao embasamento de nossa esperança na vida eterna. Que benefício há no conhecimento, poder e honra se não podemos responder a questão acerca de nosso único conforto?

Top Highlights
“Não há ciência sem a confiança pessoal no testemunho alheio.” (Page 45)

“Todos, em algum ponto de suas existências, são surpreendidos pelo mistério da vida, pelo poder da morte, pelo pavor do julgamento ou pelo temor do Senhor.” (Page 31)

“A religião é, em primeiro lugar, fé: isto é, humildade, confiança, dependência, obediência, simplicidade e docilidade” (Page 43)

“nossos corações foram criados por Deus e permanecem inquietos até que encontrem descanso nele” (Page 36)

“A certeza existe quando o espírito encontra repouso absoluto em seu objeto de conhecimento.” (Page 39)… (plus d'informations)

Christian Worldview is the latest translated and published work of Herman Bavinck. Published by Crossway, this short tome is well written and well translated. Written over 100 years ago, the issues Bavinck addressed then are still with us today. [Paid link]

In depth analysis, clear thinking, and logical conclusions permeate this work. Who are we, how do we see ourselves, and how do we see the world we live in are questions we all ask. Christianity, as the reader will see, is the only answer.

In only 144 pages the author offers clear and concise analysis. Observe the table of contents

Acknowledgments
Editors’ Introduction Herman Bavinck for the Twenty-First Century Preface to the Second Edition Introduction  
1 Thinking and Being  
2 Being and Becoming  
3 Becoming and Acting
General Index
Scripture Index

As the translators observe

Worldview, for Bavinck, is neither apriorism nor a tenuous theory for separating public intellectuals into neat compartments. Rather, it is a controlling principle and posture that is first discovered when religion comes to bear on both science and wisdom (philosophy), discovering between them a unity— one which attempts to satisfy both head and heart.

From this premise, Bavinck builds.

From ancient times onward, humanity has pondered how the mind [geest] in us can have consciousness of the things outside us and how the mind can know [kennen] them— in other words, what is the origin, the essence, and the limit of human knowledge [kennis]?
From chapters 2 & 3:
The second problem solved in our worldview is that of being and becoming, of unity and multiplicity, of God and world. And for this, Christianity is also of fundamental significance.
The harmony of this worldview [wereldbeeld], however, is interrupted by the sharp contrasts to which we are introduced especially in relation to the third problem, that between becoming and acting [handelen]. Is there, in the stream of occurrences, still a place for personal, independent, and free acting? Can we on good grounds and in confidence continue to say, “I think, I will, I act,”...
As the reader will discover, there is a logical progression to Bavinck's thought and it is well done. His worldview is clearly delineated and and fully applicable to us today.

A possible drawback to this book is that the average reader will need to patient and work through the material presented. Dutch translated to English sometimes has it’s difficulties as not all words translate with their exact original and nuanced meaning. Some help is provided by the translators. Yet, I believe the determined and long suffering reader will benefit greatly.


All quoted material is from Herman Bavinck; Nathaniel Gray Sutanto; James Eglinton; Cory C. Brock. Christian Worldview (Kindle Locations 39-47, 1284-1287, 725-726, 340-343,139-141). Crossway. [Paid link].

Crossway has provided a complimentary copy of this book through Beyond the Page. Thoughts and opinions are my own.… (plus d'informations)

The term worldview was first introduced to the Christian world by Abraham Kuyper, who drew upon the insights of James Orr. Unfortunately, the term has become abused, overused and misused.

This book by Herman Bavinck (1854-1921), Kuyper’s successor as professor of theology at the Free University, is a welcome addition to the worldview literature, particularly as it was written well before the term had fallen into a theoretical trap. This then is not a summary of Christian thinking and theology as much Christian worldview material seems to be today - for some then the title may cloud the content. What it is is an apologetic for an organic Christian perspective rooted in a creator God, against the arid, one-dimensional worldviews around at the turn of the nineteenth century.

The editors’ introduction serves the volume well and places Bavinck’s work in its historical and philosophical milieu.

Likewise, in his introduction, Bavinck places his work in context. He writes at a time when science and technology were expected to make religion superfluous (p. 25), yet there was an increase in interest in new religions, in a ‘this -worldly’ ‘world religion’ (p. 26).
Bavinck identifies three key questions, which he goes on to examine in the subsequent chapters.

There are:
What is the relation between thinking and being;
between being and becoming;
and between becoming and acting.

It is only Christianity, Bavinck argues, that preserves the harmony between them and ‘reveals a wisdom that reconciles the human being with a God and, through this, with itself, with the world and with life’. (p. 29).

1. Thinking and being

In the first chapter Bavinck examines epistemological concerns and the relation between subject and object. Even though Bavinck was professor of theology he shows here his awareness of philosophy. Philosophers are discussed rather than theologians.
Here he discusses nominalism, idealism and voluntarism, and shows how they fail to articulate a coherent view. He emphasises that it is only Christianity that can adequately describe things as they are. He goes further:

‘No matter how we look at it, the concept of truth and science - if we think consistently and without prejudice - brings us to Christianity.’ (p. 45).

2. Being and becoming

In the second chapter, once again Bavinck places different philosophical and scientific perspectives alongside Christianity and shows them to be defective. In particular, here he focuses on the mechanical worldview. He makes the interesting observation that

‘Those who have abandoned the mechanical worldview as untenable continue to honour it secretly as the scientific ideal.’ (p. 69)

He sees Christianity as an organic worldview - something that a Kuyper also maintained. For which Kuyper was occasionally criticised as being reliant on idealism, however, the critics seem to miss that it is also a biblical metaphor (cf John 15 and the vine). For Bavinck:

‘According to the this organic worldview, the world is in no sense one-dimensional; rather it contains a fullness of being, a rich exchange of phenomena, a rich multiplicity of creations.’ (p. 71-72).

The mechanistic worldview, unlike the organic worldview, fails to explain development. The mechanistic worldview fails ultimately because it has no answers to the origin and development of life:

‘It is only provided by the Christian confession that God is the Creator and that his glory is the goal of all things. Everything is subservient to this. Everything is directed to it.’ (p. 83)

3. Becoming and acting

In the final chapter, the issues that Bavinck addresses is one of freedom and ethics. He points out that:

‘This objective reality of logical, ethical, and aesthetic norms points back to a world order that can have its origins and existence only in God almighty.’ (p. 106)

And goes on to maintain

‘If the logical, ethical, and aesthetic norms deserve absolute validity; if truth, goodness, and beauty are goods worth more than all the treasures of this world, then they cannot thank the human—for whom law was made—for their origins.’ (p. 108)

Christianity thus provides the only coherent and consistent framework for life. The other perspectives Bavinck ably shows are incoherent and cannot account for the diversity of creation, among other things. This is hardly surprising as they deny or ignore the Creator that created the creation.

This book is a very welcome addition to the rapidly expanding corpus of Bavinck in English.


My thanks to Crossway for the review copy in exchange for a fair review.
… (plus d'informations)