Writing Rhetorically 1 Expectations for College Writing: Open your book, open your mind  a Choose openness b Use social media wisely  c Position yourself as an academic writer  d Read and listen respectfully, actively, and critically  e Plan research  f  Use digital tools effectively   2 Rhetorical Situations  a Make good choices for your rhetorical situation  b Plan your text''s topic and message  c Consider your purpose and stance as a communicator  d Analyze your audience  e Think about genres and media  f  Consider language and style  g A SAMPLE RHETORICAL SITUATION   3 Exploring, Planning, and Drafting  a Explore your topic b Narrow your topic  c Craft a working thesis  d Gather information  e Organize information  f  Make a plan  g Create a draft   4 Developing Paragraphs  a Focus on a main idea  b Provide details  c Use effective methods of development  d Make paragraphs flow  e Work on opening and closing paragraphs  5 Reviewing, Revising, and Editing  a Review your writing  b Get the most from peer review  c Consult instructor comments  d Revise  e Edit  6 Reflecting  a Reflect to present your work effectively  A STUDENT''s REFLECTIVE STATEMENT  b Reflect to learn  A STUDENT''s REFLECTIVE BLOG POST    Critical Thinking and Argument 7 Critical Reading  a Consider reading collaboratively  b Preview the text; consider the source  c Read and annotate the text  d Summarize the main ideas  e Analyze and reflect on the text  f Think critically about visual texts  g A STUDENT''S CRITICAL READING  8 Analyzing Arguments a Think critically about argument b Recognize cultural contexts c Identify an arguments''s basic appeals d Recognize the use of stories in argument e Understand Toulmin''s elements of argument f Think critically about fallacies g A STUDENT''S RHETORICAL ANALYSIS 9 Constructing arguments a Understand purposes for argument  b Determine whether a statement can be argued  c Make a claim and draft a working thesis  d Examine your assumptions  e Shape your appeal to your audience  f  Consider the use of narratives or stories g Establish credibility through ethical appeals  h Use effective logical appeals  i Use appropriate emotional appeals  j Consult sources  k Organize your argument  l  Consider design and delivery  m A STUDENT''S ARGUMENT ESSAY    Research 10 Doing research a  Preparefor a research project b  Form a research question and hypothesis  c  Plan your research  d  Move from hypothesis to working thesis  e  Understand different kinds of sources  f   Use web and library resources g  Consulting your library''s staff, databases, and other resources h  Conduct field research 11  Evaluating Sources   a  Understand why writers use sources  b  Create a working bibliography or an annotated bibliography  c  Evaluate a source''s usefulness and credibility  d  Read critically, and interpret sources  e  Synthesize sources   12  Integrating Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism  a  Decide whether to quote, paraphrase, or summarize  b  Integrate quotations, paraphrases, and summaries effectively  c  Integrate visuals and media effectively and ethically  d  Understand why acknowledging sources matters  e  Know which sources to acknowledge  f   Recognize patch writing  g  Uphold your academic integrity, and avoid plagiarism  h  Write and revise a research project   Academic, Professional, and Public Writing 13 Writing Well in Any Discipline or Profession  a Consider genres across disciplines and professions  b Consider expectations for academic assignments  c Learn specialized vocabularies and styles  d Use evidence effectively  e Pay attention to ethical issues  f  Collaborate effectively and with an open mind   14  Writing for the Humanities  a Read texts in the humanities  b Write texts in the humanities  c A STUDENT''S CLOSE READING OF POETRY 15  Writing for the Social Sciences  a Read texts in the social sciences  b Write texts in the social sciences  c EXCERPT FROM A STUDENT''S PSYCHOLOGY LITERATURE REVIEW                        16 Writing for the Natural and Applied Sciences  a Read texts in the natural and applied sciences  b Write texts in the natural and applied sciences  c EXCERPT FROM A STUDENT''S CHEMISTRY LAB REPORT   17 Writing in Professional Settings  a Read texts for business  b Write texts for business  STUDENT MEMO  TRADITIONAL RÉSUMÉ  CREATIVE RÉSUMÉ  18 Making Design Decisions  a Choose a type of text  b Plan a visual structure  c Format print and digital texts appropriately  d Consider visuals and media     19 Creating Presentations  a Consider assignment, purpose, and audience for presentations  b Write to be heard and remembered  c Create slides or other visuals  d Practice and deliver the presentation  e Consider other kinds of presentations  20 Communicating in Other Media  a Consider your rhetorical context  b Consider types of multimodal texts  c Plan features of texts  21  Writing to Make Something Happen in the World  a Decide what should happen  b Connect with your audience  c SAMPLE WRITING TO MAKE SOMETHING HAPPEN IN THE WORLD    Language and Style 22  Language and Identity a Recognize how the language of others can shape identity b Use language to shape your own identity 23  Language Varieties  a  Use "standard" varieties of English appropriately  b  Use varieties of English to evoke a place or community  c  Build credibility within a community with language variety  d  Bring in other languages appropriately  24 Writing to the World  a  Think about what seems "normal"  b  Clarify meaning  c  Meet audience expectations  25  Language That Builds Common Ground  a  Examine assumptions and avoid stereotypes  b  Examine assumptions about gender  c  Examine assumptions about race and ethnicity  d  Consider other kinds of difference  26  Style Matters a Use effective words and figures of speech b Use powerful verbs c Use varied sentence lengths and openings 27 Coordination, Subordination, and Emphasis a Use coordination to relate equal ideas b Use subordination to distinguish main ideas c Use closing and opening positions for emphasis 28 Consistency and Completeness a Revise faulty sentence structure b Match up subjects and predicates c Use elliptical structures carefully d Check for missing words e Make comparisons complete, consistent, and clear 29 Parallelism a Make items in a series parallel b Make paired ideas parallel c Include all necessary words 30 Shifts a Revise unnecessary shifts in verb tense b Revise unnecessary shifts in mood c Revise unnecessary shifts in voice d Revise unnecessary shifts in person and number e Revise shifts between direct and indirect discourse f Revise shifts in tone and word choice 31 Conciseness a Eliminate unnecessary words b Simplify sentence structure   The Top Twenty 32 The Top Twenty: A Quick Guide to Editing Your Writing Wrong word Missing comma after an introductory element Incomplete or missing documentation Vague pronoun reference Spelling (including homonyms) Mechanical error with a quotation Unnecessary comma Unnecessary or missing capitalization Missing word Faulty sentence structure Missing comma with nonrestrictive element Unnecessary shift in verb tense Missing comma in a compound sentence Unnecessary or missing apostrophe (including its/it''s) Fused (run-on) sentence Comma splice Lack of pronoun-antecedent agreement Poorly integrated quotation Unnecessary or missing hyphen Sentence fragment   Sentence Grammar 33 Parts of