This book defines the theory of constructed emotion

Thesis: Emotions are constructed - there is not an innate one-to-one correlation between a physical express and an emotion.

Research that suggested that there is a fixed set of facial expressions to codify emotions were based on flawed research. The research prejudiced the answers to fit the western model. Thus, the researchers methodology contaminated the results.

- Emotions are constructed
- Words are powerful in categorization
- Those with a limited set of emotional words have a limited ability to identify emotions

Contents
Introduction
1. The search for emotion’s “fingerprints”
2. Emotions are constructed
3. The mytho of universal emotions
4. The origin of feeling
5. Concepts, goals, and words
6. How the brain makes emotions
7. Emotions as social reality
8. A new view of human nature
9. Mastering your emotions
10. Emotions and illnes
11. Is a growling dog angry
12. From brain to mind: the new frontier
Thirteen more entries in the TOC

There is even an “Extended Endnote” wiki!
https://how-emotions-are-made.com/notes/Home

From the Glossary: Some terms that need to be understood to understand this book:

Affect
Your simplest feeling that continually fluctuates between pleasant and unpleasant, and between calm and jittery.

Affective niche
Everything that has any relevance to your body budget in the present moment.

Affective realism
The phenomenon that interoception influences what you see, hear, and otherwise perceive.

Essentialism
The belief that essences exist in nature, e.g., that fear and happiness have distinct biological causes.

Interoception
The brain’s representation of sensations from your body’s organs, tissues, hormones, and immune system.

Theory of constructed emotion
My theory of emotion. In every waking moment, your brain uses past experience, organized as concepts, to guide your actions and give your sensations meaning. When the concepts involved are emotion concepts, your brain constructs instances of emotion.

Triune brain
The myth that the brain evolved like a layer cake, with “cognitive” circuitry wrapped around “emotional” circuitry, allegedly permitting thoughts to control feelings.

Some related resources

https://www.centervention.com/list-of-emotions-135-words-that-express-feelings/
The list of emotions a typical pre-K child understands may be limited to happy, mad, sad, and scared. (A reference is given.)
They have programs for K-8

https://www.berkeleywellbeing.com/list-of-emotions.html
A long page. They have a short list of emotions in sections according to several different theories of emotion. Then there is a longer list of emotions. Followed by a Further Reading section. ( )

The book looks at our overly simplistic view of emotions and presents a more dynamic and fluid explanation as to how to see them. The story is actually much deeper than appears beause the solution to the failure of identifying specific emotions from behaviour leads us to crisis in many aspects of social function, from justice to teaching, and animal rights.

It is really a great book, the only thing I didn’t appreciate is that some of the analogies were flat. But the breadth of the work of the author is eminently commendable and an exciting read. ( )

“We are the architects of our own experience” affective realism, concept construction, and social reality form our experience of our emotional response. But our body budgeting brain doesn’t much care what is TRUE. If our brains predict, based on the above three features a social anxiety attack, a social anxiety attack we will have. Could have actually been unpleasant high arousal, but we construct the likely emotion.

Am I missing something or is Lisa Feldman- Barrett trying to overturn the entire current thinking about emotion. Seems to me she is working very hard to introduce a totally new paradigm. (though, as she mentions late in the book a lot of relevant esearch to her project was done in the 1920's that somehow got overturned and forgotten). I've just copied a lot of the critical gems from the book in the following passages....with an occasional comment from me.
"The time-honored story of emotion goes something like this: We all have emotions built-in from birth. They are distinct, recognizable phenomena inside us. When something happens in the world, whether it's a gunshot or a flirtatious glance, our emotions come on quickly and automatically, as if someone has flipped a switch. We broadcast emotions on our faces by way of smiles, frowns, scowls, and other characteristic expressions that anyone can easily recognize. Our voices reveal our emotions through laughter, shouts, and cries. Our body posture betrays our feelings with every gesture and slouch".
"Our emotions, according to the classical view, are artifacts of evolution, having long ago been advantageous for survival, and are now a fixed component of our biological nature. As such, they are universal: people of every age, in every culture, in every part of the world should experience sadness more or less as you do.......This view of emotions has been around for millennia in various forms.......Plato believed a version of it. So did Hippocrates, Aristotle, the Buddha, René Descartes, Sigmund Freud, and Charles Darwin. Today, prominent thinkers such as Steven Pinker, Paul Ekman, and the Dalai Lama also offer up descriptions of emotions rooted in the classical view. The classical view is found in virtually every introductory college textbook on psychology."
"And yet ... despite the distinguished intellectual pedigree of the classical view of emotion, and despite its immense influence in our culture and society, there is abundant scientific evidence that this view cannot possibly be true. Even after a century of effort, scientific research has not revealed a consistent, physical fingerprint for even a single emotion".
Lisa goes to considerable lengths to demonstrate/prove that the classical way of distinguishing emotions by looking at the facial expressions is just plain wrong....even when you measure muscle movements, instead of just looking at the face or pictures of the face there is no consistent, predictable marker for angry, sad, or fearful. And the same thing applies to bodily measurements such as finger temperature or heartbeat. I found this really interesting because all (or most of) the stuff that I've read about emotion claims that facial expressions are universal and people everywhere make the same expressions when fearful etc. And I recall reading Darwin's work making the same claims. And other work that cited consistent expressions of distaste by rats who they tasted something bitter. But, I'm more or less convinced by her data and claims that emotions don't have reliable bodily "fingerprints".
"So what are they, really? When scientists set aside the classical view and just look at the data, a radically different explanation for emotion comes to light. In short, we find that your emotions are not built-in but made from more basic parts. They are not universal but vary from culture to culture.........They are not triggered; you create them. They emerge as a combination of the physical properties of your body, a flexible brain that wires itself to whatever environment it develops in, and your culture and upbringing, which provide that environment".......This view, which I [Feldman] calls the theory of constructed emotion, offers a very different interpretation".
"I learned long ago that "sadness" is something that may occur when certain bodily feelings coincide with terrible loss. Using bits and pieces of past experience, such as my knowledge of shootings and my previous sadness about them, my brain rapidly predicted what my body should do to cope with such tragedy. Its predictions caused my thumping heart, my flushed face, and the knots in my stomach......In this manner, my brain constructed my experience of emotion. My particular movements and sensations were not a fingerprint for sadness. With different predictions, my skin would cool rather than flush and my stomach would remain unknotted, yet my brain could still transform the resulting sensations into sadness".
"We are, I believe, in the midst of a revolution in our understanding of emotion, the mind, and the brain - a revolution that may compel us to radically rethink such central tenets of our society as our treatments for mental and physical illness, our understanding of personal relationships, our approaches to raising children, and ultimately our view of ourselves".
She relates a personal anecdote, which I found very convincing (and amusing). "Back when I was in graduate school, a guy in my psychology program asked me out on a date. I didn't know him very well and was reluctant to go be-cause, honestly, I wasn't particularly attracted to him, but I had been cooped up too long in the lab that day, so I agreed. As we sat together in a coffee shop, to my surprise, I felt my face flush several times as we spoke. My stomach fluttered and I started having trouble concentrating. Okay, I realized,! was wrong. I am clearly attracted to him. We parted an hour later - after I agreed to go out with him again - and I headed home, intrigued. I walked into my apartment, dropped my keys on the floor, threw up, and spent the next seven days in bed with the flu"..........My experience in the coffee shop, where I felt attraction when I had the flu, would be called an error or misattribution in the classical view, but it's no more a mistake than seeing a bee in a bunch of blobs. An influenza virus in my blood contributed to fever and flushing, and my brain made meaning from the sensations in the context of a lunch date, constructing a genuine feeling of attraction, in the normal way that the brain constructs any other mental state. If I'd had exactly the same bodily sensations while at home in bed with a thermometer, my brain might have constructed an instance of "Feeling Sick" using the same manufacturing process. (The classical view, in contrast, would require feelings of attraction and malaise to have different bodily fingerprints triggered by different brain circuitry.)"
"Emotions are not reactions to the world. You are not a passive receiver of sensory input but an active constructor of your emotions. From sensory input and past experience, your brain constructs meaning and prescribes action".
On the concept of the triune brain which has taken on a life of its own she is quite adamant: "This illusory arrangement of layers, which is sometimes called the "triune brain" remains one of the most successful misconceptions in human biology. Carl Sagan popularized it in The Dragons of Eden, his bestselling (some would say largely fictional) account of how human intelligence evolved. Daniel Goleman employed it in his bestseller Emotional Intelligence. Nevertheless, humans don't have an animal brain gift-wrapped in cognition, as any expert in brain evolution knows"............"Mapping emotion onto just the middle part of the brain, and reason and logic onto the cortex, is just plain silly."
"When we share those abstractions with each other, by synchronizing our concepts during categorization, we can perceive each other's emotions and communicate........That, in a nutshell, is the theory of constructed emotion - an explanation for how you experience and perceive emotion effortlessly without the need for emotion fingerprints. The seeds of emotion are planted in infancy, as you hear an emotion word (say, "annoyed?) over and over in highly varied situations. The word "annoyed" holds this population of diverse instances together as a concept, "Annoyance"..............Your genes gave you a brain that can wire itself to its physical and social environment. The people around you, in your culture, maintain that environment with their concepts and help you live in that environment by transmitting those concepts from their brains to yours".
"Emotion categories, in my view, are made real through collective intentionality. To communicate to someone else that you feel angry both of you need a shared understanding of "Anger." If people agree that a particular constellation of facial actions and cardiovascular changes is anger in a given context, then it is so. You needn't be explicitly aware of this agreement."
"Humans are unique, however, because our collective intentionality involves mental concepts. We can look at a hammer, a chainsaw, and an ice pick and categorize them all as "Tools" then change our minds and categorize them all as "Murder Weapons" We can impose functions that would not otherwise exist, thereby inventing reality. We can work this magic because we have the second prerequisite for social reality: language.........emotion concepts are most easily learned with emotion words,.........From childhood we hear people say "fear" and "surprise" in particular contexts. The sound of each word (or, later in life, the written form of each word) creates enough statistical regularity within each category, and statistical differences between them, to get us started."
"Classical view theorists debate endlessly about how many emotions there are. Is love an emotion? How about awe? Curiosity? Hunger? Do synonyms like happy, cheerful, and delighted refer to different emotions? What about lust, desire, and passion: are they distinct? Are they emotions at all? From the standpoint of social reality, these debates are nonissues. Love (or curiosity, hunger, etc.) is an emotion as long as people agree that its instances serve the functions of an emotion".
"These latter two functions [emotion communication, social influence] require that other people - the ones you are communicating with or influencing agree that certain body states or physical actions serve particular functions in certain contexts".
"Likewise, all varieties of the classical view consider emotions like sadness and fear to have distinct essences. The neuroscientist Jaak Panksepp, for example, writes that an emotion's essence is a circuit in the subcortical regions of your brain. The evolutionary psychologist Steven Pinker writes that emotions are like mental organs, analogous to body organs for specialized func-tions, and that an emotion's essence is a set of genes. The evolutionary psychologist Leda Cosmides and the psychologist Paul Ekman assume that each emotion has an innate, unobservable essence, which they refer to as a metaphorical "program.""
"Essentialism is the culprit that has made the classical view supremely difficult to set aside. It encourages people to believe that their senses reveal objective boundaries in nature. Happiness and sadness look and feel different, the argument goes, so they must have different essences in the brain. People are almost always unaware that they essentialize;......Essentialism is also remarkably difficult to disprove. Since an essence can be an unobservable property, people are free to believe in essences even when they cannot be found. It's easy to come up with reasons why an experiment did not detect an essence: "we haven't looked everywhere yet,......words invite you to believe in an essence, and that process is conceivably the psychological origin of essentialism........So, essentialism is intuitive, logically impossible to disprove, part of our psychological and neural makeup, and a self-perpetuating scourge in science".
"Psychologists often recount stories of behaviorism in the same chilling tones as a ghost story around a campfire. It declared that thoughts, feelings, and the rest of the mind were unimportant to behavior or might not even exist. During this "dark ages" of emotion research, which lasted for several decades, nothing worthwhile was discovered on human emotion (suppos-edly)........Ultimately, most scientists reiected behaviorism because it ignores a basic fact: that each of has a mind."
"It's hard to give up the classical view when it represents deeply held beliefs about what it means to be human. Nevertheless, the facts remain that no one has found even a single reliable, broadly replicable, objectively measurable essence of emotion. When mountains of contrary data don't force people to give up their ideas, then they are no longer following the scientific method. They are following an ideology........The human brain, you see. is wired to mistake its perceptions for reality. Today, powerful tools have yielded a more evidence-based explanation that's almost impossible to ignore... yet some people still manage."
"The good news is that were in a golden age of mind and brain research".
Feldman starts to diverge from her subject a bit here to my way of thinking and delves into the interaction between emotions and health: "several notable and serious disorders may all be related to your immune system, which links your mental and physical health within your predicting brain. When bad predictions go unchecked, they may lead to a chronically unbalanced body budget, which contributes to inflammation in the brain and corrupts your interceptive predictions even further in a vicious cycle. In this manner, the same systems that construct emotion also can contribute to illness".
Likewise, maybe slightly off-theme she delves into the consequences of a wrongly held view of emotion in the legal system: "Jurors and judges are charged with an almost impossible task: to be a mind reader, or if you'd rather, a lie detector. They must decide if a person intended to cause harm.......But in a predicting brain, a judgment about someone else's intent is always a guess you construct based on the defendant's actions, not a fact you detect; and just as with emotions, there is no objective, perceiver-independent criterion of intent"
I must say, that I've found her arguments persuasive (and I've read a bit about concepts of emotion ....especially emotion and valuing....and, of course Hume'/s views on the "passion's role in decision making). I think this is an important work. Will she get a Nobel prize? I'll have to wait and see....but maybe not as she clearly didn't invent the concepts. Definitely worth five starts from me. ( )

A very interesting look into how Lisa currently believes our brains create our emotions. Lisa pushes well against the tide of established beliefs and makes a fairly good case for her theories.

But, we’ll probably throw this one on the “scrap-head-of-wild-scientific-ideas-that-came-and-went” in a few years time, along with all the other thoughts that currently suit the zeitgeist.

Interesting though. ( )